Download - Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m
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Some things we will discuss:
• How big are nanostructuresScaling down to the nanoscale
• How are nanostructures made?Fabrication, synthesis, manufacturing
• How do we see them?Imaging and property characterization
• Why do we care?Applications to science, technology and society
Introduction to Nanotechnology
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Why do we want to make things small?
• To make products smaller, cheaper, faster and better by "scaling" them down. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, life-science, etc)
• To introduce new physical phenomena for science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
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How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter
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Smaller still
Hair
.
Red blood cell
6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
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Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....
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... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ...
... perhaps half an Acre
CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil?
Volume = (Area)(Thickness)
V = A t
It can be determined that the thickness is around 1 nanometer
A monolayer film (single layer of molecules)
Langmuir film
~1 nm thickAn Early Nanotechnologist!
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Making Nanostructures: Nanofabrication
• Top down versus bottom up methods
• Lithography• Deposition• Etching• Machining
• Chemical• Self-Assembly
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Lithography
MarkTuominen
MarkTuominen
MarkTuominen
(Using a stencil or mask)
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Making a microscopic mask
Silicon crystal
Polymer film
Electron Beam
Nanoscopic Mask !
Example: Electron-Beam Lithography
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Lithography
IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip
PatternedSeveral Times
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NANOFABRICATION BY SELF ASSEMBLY
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
One Example: Diblock Copolymers
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CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition
Template
EtchingMask
NanoporousMembrane
Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
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DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFABRICATIONTECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC ARRAYS
template dots
rings holescylinders
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How do we see nanostructures?
• A light microscope? Helpful, but cannot resolve below 1000 nm
• An electron microscope? Has a long history of usefulness at the nanoscale
• A scanning probe microscope? A newer tool that has advanced imaging
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Television Set
eye
electron beam
TV screen
Light !electronsource
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Scanning Electron Microscope
SAMPLE
ElectronBeam
DETECTOR
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Scanning probe microscope
Surface
Vibrating Cantilever
PS/PEO
AFM image
µm(large )
Laser Beam
AFM, STM, MFM, others
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Some Nanostructures
Image of Nickel Atoms Pushing Atoms Around
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Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many industries
• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products
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Making Small SmallerAn Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
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Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are of significant and growing importance.
Some have been around for a very long time:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium
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Applications to science, technology and society
Nanotechnology has enormous potential to change society. An estimated global research and development investment of nearly $9 billion per year is anticipated to lead to new medical treatments and tools; more efficient energy production, storage and transmission; better access to clean water; more effective pollution reduction and prevention; and stronger, lighter materials. And these are just a few of the more significant ways in which people are discussing using the technology.
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Involved in making a manufacturing process environmentally benign.
An environmentally benign material or manufactured product that replaces toxic substances or minimizes raw materials.
Synthetic or manufacturing processes which can occur at ambient temperature and pressure.
Nanotechnology for pollution prevention
Use of non-toxic catalysts with minimal production of resultant pollutants.
Use of aqueous-based reactions.
Build molecules as needed --“just in time.”
Nanoscale information technologies for product identification and tracking to manage recycling, remanufacture, and end of life disposal of solvents.
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End-of-pipe management and cleanup of pollution
Treatment & Remediation
Iron Treatment Walls…
Used in groundwater treatment for many years. Iron chemically reduces organic and inorganic environmental contaminants. Currently involves granular or “microscale” iron ( 50 mm or 50,000 nm).
and Nanotechnology
Nanosized iron enhances the reaction. Enhanced further by coupling with other metals (Fe/Pd)* on the nanoscale. Nano Fe0 is more reactive and effective than the microscale. Smaller size makes it more flexible -- penetrates difficult to access areas.
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Welcome to NanoWorld!
Summary
Nanotechnology is ubiquitous and pervasive. It is an emerging field in all areas of science, engineering and technology.