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nation
nation
group of people united by bonds of race, language, custom, tradition, and, sometimes, religion
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national budget
national budget
the yearly financial plan for the federal government
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national committee
national committee
representatives from the 50 state party organizations who run a political party
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national convention
national convention
a gathering of local and state party members chosen to nominate presidential and vice-presidential candidates
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national debt
national debt
the total amount of money the government owes at any given time
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National Security Advisor
National Security Advisor
a special assistant that directs the National Security Council staff
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nationalist position
nationalist position
a position that favors national action in dealing with problems
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nationalization
nationalization
the process by which a government takes control of industry
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national security
national security
protection of a nation’s borders and territories against invasion or control by foreign powers
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nation-state
nation-state
a country in which the territory of both the nation and the state coincide
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naturalization
naturalization
the legal process by which a person is granted citizenship
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necessary and proper clause
necessary and proper clause
Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to make all laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its duties
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network
network
an interconnected or interrelated chain, group, or system
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neutral
neutral
not favoring either side in a quarrel, contest, or war
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newly developed nation
newly developed nation
a nation that has had significant or rapid industrial growth in recent years
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news briefing
news briefing
a meeting during which a government official makes an announcement or explains a policy, decision, or action
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news release
news release
a ready-made story that government officials prepare for members of the press
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nominating convention
nominating convention
an official public meeting of a party to choose candidates for office
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nongovernmental organization (NGO)
nongovernmental organization (NGO)
an international organization composed of individuals and groups outside the scope of government
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nonresident alien
nonresident alien
a person from a foreign country who expects to stay in the United States for a short, specified period of time
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nuclear
nuclear
atomic
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nuclear proliferation
nuclear proliferation
the spread of nuclear weapons
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objective
objective
something toward which effort is directed; end, goal
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objectivity
objectivity
ability to deal with facts or situations as they exist without distortion of personal feelings or prejudices
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obtain
obtain
to get
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obvious
obvious
easily discovered, seen, or understood
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occur
occur
to happen
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occupation
occupation
having control or possession of a location
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office-group ballot
office-group ballot
one that lists the candidates together by the office for which they are running
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oligarchy
oligarchy
a system of government in which a small group holds power
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oligopoly
oligopoly
situation in which only a few firms dominate a particular industry
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open-market operations
open-market operations
the means the Federal Reserve System uses to affect the economy by buying or selling government securities on the open market
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open primary
open primary
an election in which all voters may participate
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opinion
opinion
a written explanation of a Supreme Court decision; also, in some states, a written interpretation of a state constitution or state laws by the state’s attorney general
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ordinance
ordinance
a law
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original jurisdiction
original jurisdiction
the authority of a trial court to be first to hear a case
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outcome
outcome
result, consequence
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output
output
amount produced
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overlap
overlap
to extend over or past; to have something in common
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panel
panel
group of persons selected for some service
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parallel
parallel
similar, analogous, having corresponding positions
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pardon
pardon
a release from legal punishment
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parliamentary government
parliamentary government
form of government in which executive and legislative functions both reside in an elected assembly, or parliament
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parochial school
parochial school
a school operated by a church or religious group
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parole
parole
means by which a prisoner is allowed to serve the rest of a sentence in the community under the supervision of a parole officer
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partisan
partisan
adhering to or supporting a particular party, faction, cause, or person
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party-column ballot
party-column ballot
one that lists each party’s candidates in a column under the party’s name
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passport
passport
a document that shows citizenship and entitles a traveler to certain protections established by international treaty
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patronage
patronage
the practice of granting favors to reward party loyalty
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peer group
peer group
an individual’s close friends, religious group, clubs, or work groups
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perceive
perceive
the capacity, degree, and accuracy of one’s consciousness, awareness, or comprehension
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percent
percent
one unit of 100
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per curiam opinion
per curiam opinion
a brief, unsigned statement of a Supreme Court decision
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period
period
a portion of time
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periodic
periodic
occurring at intervals
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perjury
perjury
lying under oath
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personal property
personal property
movable belongings such as clothes and jewelry, as well as intangible items such as stocks, bonds, copyrights, and patents
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personal staff
personal staff
the people who work directly for individual senators and representatives
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petition
petition
an appeal
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petit jury
petit jury
a trial jury, usually consisting of 6 or 12 people, that weighs the evidence presented at a trial and renders a verdict
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petty offense
petty offense
a minor crime, usually punished by a ticket rather than being arrested
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phase
phase
a distinguishable part in a cycle; an aspect or part
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philosopher
philosopher
one who engages in the pursuit of wisdom
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picket
picket
to patrol an establishment to convince workers and the public not to enter it
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plaintiff
plaintiff
person who brings charges in court
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plank
plank
a section of a political party platform
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platform
platform
a statement of a political party’s principles, beliefs, and positions on vital issues
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plea bargaining
plea bargaining
the process in which a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser crime than the one with which the defendant was originally charged
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plurality
plurality
the largest number of votes in an election
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pocket veto
pocket veto
when a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it
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policy
policy
a plan that includes general goals and procedures
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political action committee (PAC)
political action committee (PAC)
an organization formed to collect money and provide financial support for political candidates
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political culture
political culture
a set of shared values and beliefs about a nation and its government
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political party
political party
a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy
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politics
politics
the effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government
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polling place
polling place
the location in a precinct where people vote
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poll tax
poll tax
money paid in order to vote
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popular sovereignty
popular sovereignty
rule by the people
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pork-barrel legislation
pork-barrel legislation
laws passed by Congress that appropriate money for local federal projects
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portion
portion
an often limited part of a whole
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potential
potential
possible
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preamble
preamble
a statement in a constitution that sets forth the goals and purposes of government
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precedent
precedent
a model on which to base later decisions or actions
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precinct
precinct
a voting district
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precinct captain
precinct captain
a volunteer who organizes party workers to distribute information about the party and its candidates and to get the voters to the polls
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precise
precise
exact
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predict
predict
to tell in advance of an event
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preemption
preemption
the federal government’s ability to take over a state government function
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preliminary
preliminary
coming before something else
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presidential government
presidential government
a form of democratic government in which a president heads the executive branch
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presidential succession
presidential succession
the order in which officials fill the office of president in case of a vacancy
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president pro tempore
president pro tempore
the Senate member, elected by the Senate, who stands in as president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president
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press secretary
press secretary
one of the president’s top assistants who is in charge of media relations
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precise
precise
exact
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presume
presume
to expect or assume
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presumed innocence
presumed innocence
the presumption that a person is innocent until proven guilty
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price supports
price supports
the program under which Congress buys farmers’ crops if the market price falls below the support price
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prime
prime
foremost, significant
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principle
principle
an underlying doctrine or assumption
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prior restraint
prior restraint
government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast
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private bill
private bill
a bill dealing with individual people or places
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probable cause
probable cause
a reasonable basis to believe a person or premises is linked to a crime
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procedure
procedure
a way of doing
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process
process
a continuing action or series of actions; a way of doing
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procedural due process
procedural due process
principle that prohibits arbitrary enforcement of the law, and also provides safeguards to ensure that constitutional and statutory rights are protected by law enforcement
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professional
professional
an individual with intense preparation and knowledge in a specific field of work
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profit
profit
the difference between the amount of money used to operate a business and the amount of money the business takes in
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progressive tax
progressive tax
tax based on a taxpayer’s ability to pay
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prohibit
prohibit
to forbid
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proletariat
proletariat
workers who produce the goods
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propaganda
propaganda
the use of ideas, information, or rumors to influence opinion
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proportional representation
proportional representation
a system in which several officials are elected to represent the same area in proportion to the votes each party’s candidate receives
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proportional tax
proportional tax
tax that is assessed at the same rate for everyone
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public assistance
public assistance
government programs that distribute money to poor people
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public bill
public bill
a bill dealing with general matters and applying to the entire nation
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public housing
public housing
government-subsidized housing for low-income families
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public-interest group
public-interest group
a group that seeks policy goals that it believes will benefit the nation
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public opinion
public opinion
the ideas and attitudes a significant number of Americans hold about issues
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public utility
public utility
an organization that supplies such necessities as electricity, gas, or telephone service
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publish
publish
to print
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pure speech
pure speech
the verbal expression of thought and opinion before an audience that has chosen to listen
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pursue
pursue
to employ measures to obtain or accomplish
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quorum
quorum
the minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action
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quota
quota
a limit on the quantity of a product that may be imported
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random sampling
random sampling
a polling technique in which everyone in the “universe” has an equal chance of being selected
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range
range
the extent of options
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ratify
ratify
to approve
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real property
real property
land and whatever is attached to or growing on it
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reapportionment
reapportionment
the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census
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recover
recover
to bring back to normal
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redistribution
redistribution
spreading to other areas; reallocation
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redistrict
redistrict
to set up new district lines after reapportionment is complete
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referendum
referendum
a special election
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refugee
refugee
a person fleeing a country to escape persecution or danger
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regime
regime
system of rule
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regional
regional
having to do with a geographic area
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regional security pact
regional security pact
a mutual defense treaty among nations of a region
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register
register
make a record of; to enroll one’s name with the appropriate local government in order to participate in elections
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registration
registration
signing up
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regressive tax
regressive tax
tax whereby people with lower incomes pay a larger portion of their income
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regulation
regulation
rule or procedure that has the force of law
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relevant
relevant
significant
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reliance
reliance
dependence
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reluctant
reluctant
hesitant, unwilling, disinclined
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representative government
representative government
a system of government in which people elect delegates to make laws and conduct government
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representative sample
representative sample
a small group of people, typical of the universe, that a pollster questions
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reprieve
reprieve
the postponement of legal punishment
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republic
republic
a government in which voters hold sovereign power; elected representatives, responsible to the people, exercise that power
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require
require
call for, need
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requirement
requirement
something that is necessary
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reserved powers
reserved powers
powers that belong strictly to the states
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reserve requirement
reserve requirement
the percentage of money member banks must keep in Federal Reserve Banks as a reserve against their deposits
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residency
residency
determined as where one lives and is legally eligible to vote
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resident alien
resident alien
a person from a foreign nation who has established permanent residence in the United States
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resolve
resolve
to deal with, clear up, settle
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resource
resource
a source of supply or support, available means
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restore
restore
to return to original condition, rebuild
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restrict
restrict
to limit
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retain
retain
to keep in one’s pay or service
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revenue
revenue
the money a government collects from taxes or other sources
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revenue bill
revenue bill
a law proposed to raise money
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reverse
reverse
to overturn, as an earlier decision
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revise
revise
to correct or improve
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revision
revision
change, especially to a document
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revitalization
revitalization
investments in new facilities in an effort to promote economic growth
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revolution
revolution
a fundamental change in political organization, especially by overthrow of a government
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revolutionary
revolutionary
causing sudden and dramatic change
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rider
rider
a provision included in a bill on a subject other than the one covered in the bill
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riding the circuit
riding the circuit
traveling to hold court in a justice’s assigned region of the country
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role
role
the part played by someone or something
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runoff primary
runoff primary
a second primary election between the two candidates who received the most votes in the first primary
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sampling error
sampling error
a measurement of how much the sample results may differ from the sample universe
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sanction
sanction
a measure, such as withholding economic aid, intended to influence a foreign government’s activities
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scarcity
scarcity
a condition that exists because society does not have all the resources to produce all the goods and services that everyone wants
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schedule
schedule
to appoint or designate for a specific time
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scheme
scheme
a plan of action, especially a crafty or secret one
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scope
scope
range or extent
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search warrant
search warrant
an order signed by a judge describing a specific place to be searched for specific items
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secular
secular
nonreligious
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securities
securities
financial instruments, including bonds, notes, and certificates, that are sold as a means of borrowing money with a promise to repay the buyer with interest after a specific time period
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security
security
safety
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security classification system
security classification system
the provision that information on government activities related to national security and foreign policy may be kept secret
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seditious speech
seditious speech
speech urging resistance to lawful authority or advocating the overthrow of the government
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select committee
select committee
a temporary committee formed to study one specific issue and report its findings to the Senate or the House
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self-incrimination
self-incrimination
testifying against oneself
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senatorial courtesy
senatorial courtesy
a system in which the president submits the name of a candidate for judicial appointment to the senators from the candidate’s home state before formally submitting it for full Senate approval
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seniority system
seniority system
a system that gives the member of the majority party with the longest uninterrupted service on a particular committee the leadership of that committee
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sentence
sentence
the punishment to be imposed on an offender after a guilty verdict
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separate but equal doctrine
separate but equal doctrine
a policy that held that if facilities for different races were equal, they could be separate
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separation of powers
separation of powers
the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government
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sequester
sequester
to keep isolated
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session
session
a period of time during which a legislature meets to conduct business
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shah
shah
a king
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shield law
shield law
a law that gives reporters some means of protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state courts
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shift
shift
a change of position
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shock incarceration
shock incarceration
a prison program involving shorter sentences in a highly structured environment where offenders participate in work, community service, education, and counseling
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shock probation
shock probation
program designed to show young offenders how terrible prison life is, by means of brief incarceration followed by supervised release
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significant
significant
important, meaningful
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simple resolution
simple resolution
a statement adopted to cover matters affecting only one house of Congress
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single-member district
single-member district
electoral district in which only one candidate is elected to each office
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site
site
location
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slander
slander
false speech intended to damage a person’s reputation
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social contract
social contract
theory that by contract, people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens
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social insurance
social insurance
government programs designed to help elderly, ill, and unemployed citizens
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socialism
socialism
an economic system in which the government owns the basic means of production, distributes the products and wages, and provides social services such as health care and welfare
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soft money
soft money
money raised by a political party for general purposes, not designated for a candidate
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source
source
origin, point of procurement; one who supplies information
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sovereignty
sovereignty
the supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries
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special district
special district
a unit of local government that deals with a specific function, such as education, water supply, or transportation
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specific
specific
distinct or particular characteristics
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splinter party
splinter party
a political party that splits away from a major party because of some disagreement
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spoils system
spoils system
the practice of victorious politicians rewarding their followers with government jobs
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spot advertising
spot advertising
the brief, frequent, positive descriptions of a candidate or a candidate’s major themes broadcast on television or radio
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stability
stability
remaining steady
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standing committee
standing committee
a permanent committee in Congress that oversees bills that deal with certain kinds of issues
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stare decisis
stare decisis
a Latin term meaning “let the decision stand”; the principle that once the Court rules on a case, its decision serves as a precedent on which to base other decisions
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state
state
a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority
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state central committee
state central committee
committee usually composed largely of representatives from the party’s county organizations
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state farm
state farm
farm owned by the government and run like a factory, with farmworkers being paid wages
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state-sponsored terrorism
state-sponsored terrorism
terrorism that is secretly supported by a government
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states’ rights position
states’ rights position
a position that favors state and local action in dealing with problems
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statute
statute
a law written by a legislative branch
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statutory law
statutory law
a law that is written down so that everyone might know and understand it
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straight party ticket
straight party ticket
one where a voter has selected candidates of his or her party only
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strategy
strategy
a plan or method for achieving a goal
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subcommittee
subcommittee
a group within a standing committee that specializes in a subcategory of its standing committee’s responsibility
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submit
submit
to present or propose for consideration
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subordinate
subordinate
of less importance
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subpoena
subpoena
a legal order that a person appear or produce requested documents
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substantive due process
substantive due process
certain rights of individuals in the application of laws, some that are specified in the Constitution (like free speech) and some that are not specified (like the right of privacy in making personal decisions)
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suburb
suburb
a densely settled territory adjacent to a central city
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subsequent
subsequent
following, coming after
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subsidize
subsidize
assist in payment with public money
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sufficient
sufficient
enough; satisfactory in amount
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suffrage
suffrage
the right to vote
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summons
summons
an official notice of a lawsuit that includes the date, time, and place of the initial court appearance
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sunset law
sunset law
a law that requires periodic checks of laws or of government agencies to see if they are still needed
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sunshine law
sunshine law
a law prohibiting public officials from holding meetings not open to the public
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supplement
supplement
to add to
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supranational organization
supranational organization
an organization whose authority overrides the sovereignty of its individual members
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supremacy clause
supremacy clause
statement in Article VI of the Constitution establishing that the Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and treaties of the United States “shall be the supreme Law of the Land”
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survey
survey
a poll; a collection of data
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survivor
survivor
one who remains alive
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suspect classification
suspect classification
a classification made on the basis of race or national origin
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suspension
suspension
a temporary removal or withholding
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sustain
sustain
to support, keep up
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swing vote
swing vote
the deciding vote
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symbol
symbol
something that stands for something else
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symbolic speech
symbolic speech
the use of actions and symbols, in addition to or instead of words, to express opinions
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target
target
an object of criticism
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tariff
tariff
a tax placed on imports to increase their price in the domestic market
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tax
tax
the money that people and businesses pay to support the activities of the government
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taxable income
taxable income
the total income of an individual minus certain deductions and personal exemptions
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technical
technical
highly detailed
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technique
technique
method of accomplishing desired aim
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temporary
temporary
lasting a short amount of time
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tension
tension
strain or conflict
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terrorism
terrorism
the use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal
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theocracy
theocracy
a government dominated by religion
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theory
theory
speculation based on study
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thereby
thereby
by that means, in that way
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third party
third party
any political party other than one of the two major parties
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ticket
ticket
a party’s candidates for president and vice president
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ticket-splitting
ticket-splitting
voting for candidates from different parties for different offices
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tort
tort
a wrongful act, other than breach of contract, for which an injured party has the right to sue
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township
township
a unit of local government found in some states, usually a subdivision of a county
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trace
trace
to discover by going backward over the evidence
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trading bloc
trading bloc
a group of nations that trade without barriers such as tariffs
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traditional
traditional
time-honored or established
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traditional economy
traditional economy
economic system in which customs dictate the rules for economic activity
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transform
transform
to change completely or radically
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transition
transition
change
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transmission
transmission
broadcasting, as by television or radio
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transportation
transportation
public conveyance of passengers or goods
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treaty
treaty
a formal agreement between the governments of two or more countries
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trend
trend
a prevailing tendency
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trust
trust
a form of business consolidation in which several corporations combine their stock and allow a board of trustees to operate as a giant enterprise
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unaffected
unaffected
not influenced or changed
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unconstitutional
unconstitutional
not consistent with a nation’s constitution; against highest law
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uncontrollable
uncontrollable
government expenditure required by law or resulting from previous budgetary commitments
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undocumented alien
undocumented alien
one who entered the country illegally, or one whose permit for residency has expired
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undertake
undertake
to agree to do or attempt
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unemployment compensation
unemployment compensation
payments by a state to workers who lose their jobs
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unemployment insurance
unemployment insurance
programs in which the federal and state governments cooperate to provide help for people who are out of work
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unfunded mandates
unfunded mandates
programs ordered but not paid for by federal legislation
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unicameral
unicameral
a single-chamber legislature
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unify
unify
to form into one
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unitary system
unitary system
a government that gives all key powers to the national or central government
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universe
universe
in polling, the group of people who are to be studied
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unparalleled
unparalleled
having no equal or match; unique in kind or quality
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urban renewal
urban renewal
programs under which cities apply for federal aid to clear slum areas and rebuild
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utility
utility
a service such as gas, water, etc.
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variation
variation
difference, change
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vary
vary
to differ
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verdict
verdict
decision
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veto
veto
rejection of a bill
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via
via
by way of
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victim compensation
victim compensation
a program in many states whereby the state government provides financial aid to victims of certain crimes
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violate
violate
to disregard, disrespect
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visa
visa
a special document, required by certain countries, issued by the government of the country that a person wishes to enter
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voir dire
voir dire
a preliminary examination to determine the competency of a witness or juror
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ward
ward
a large district comprising several adjoining precincts
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welfare state
welfare state
a nation that has an economic system, such as socialism, that provides many welfare programs
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whip
whip
an assistant to the party floor leader in the legislature
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widespread
widespread
covering many areas
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withholding
withholding
the money an employer holds back from workers’ wages as payment of anticipated income tax
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workers’ compensation
workers’ compensation
payments by a state to people who are unable to work as a result of job-related injury or ill health
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writ of certiorari
writ of certiorari
an order from the Supreme Court to a lower court to send up the records on a case for review
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zoning
zoning
the means a local government uses to regulate the way land and buildings may be used in order to shape community development