Download - Navigation Systems Approach
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Navigation Systems -
Approach
Nolan, Chap 2
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Approach Navigation
Visual Approach Procedures Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP)Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures (TERPS)Flight ChecksInstrument Approach Procedure Charts/Approach Plates
Visual Approach
visibility > 3nm
Contact Approach
visibility > 1nm
Initial Intermediate FinalPrecisionNon-precision
Missed Approach
Lighting
Runway Approach
ALSF-1
ALSF-2
RAILS
SSALSSSALR
MALSR ODALS
LDINREIL
VASI PAPI
ILS MarkerBeaconOuter
MiddleInner
ILS/DMETerminalVOR
GPSWAASLAAS
Electronic Navigation
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Visual Approach Procedures Pilot accepts responsibility for navigation to the
airport Pilots under VFR
Pilots use see-and-avoid
Two types of Visual Approach Procedures Visual Approach
Initiated by pilot or ATCo
Visibility > 3nm
Contact Approach Initiated by pilot
Visibility > 1nm
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Instrument Approach Procedures
Pilot follows a published Instrument
Approach Procedures (IAP) Provides guidance, obstacle clearance to
airport
IAP designed by FAA Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures
(TERPS)
Flight Checks IAP Charts (also known as Approach Plates)
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Segments of IAP1. Initial Approach
Segment2. Intermediate
Approach Segment
3. Final ApproachSegment Non-precision
Approach
Precision Approach
4. Missed Approach
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Initial Approach Segment Objective:
Ground-track to transition aircraft from en-routeairway to intermediate approach segment
Start/Termination
Starts at Initial Approach Fix (IAF) Located on airway
Ends at Intermediate Approach Segment
Defined by: Defined by Heading or Radial from IAF
Minimum allowable altitude
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Intermediate Approach Segment
Objective:
Permit pilot to: descend to intermediate altitude
Align aircraft to runway course
Start/Termination Start at end of Initial Approach Segment
End at Final Approach Fix (FAF)
Defined by: Course to Final Approach Fix (FAF)
Part of Procedure Turn
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Final Approach Segment Objective:
Navigate to runway using navigation aid(located at or nearby runway)
Start/Terminate:
Start at FAF End at Missed Approach Point (MAP)
Defined by: Runway center-line course
Descent on 3to runway
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Final Approach Nonprecision Lateral guidance only
Navaids:
VOR (Terminal) VOR/DME NDB
Aircraft descends from FAF toMinimum Descent Altitude
(MDA) Pilot maintains MDA onrunway center-line to MissedApproach Point (MAP)
If runway in sight at MAP, then
land If runway not in sight at MAP,then Missed ApproachSegment
Minimum
Descent
Altitude
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Final Approach - Precision Lateral AND Vertical Guidance
Aircraft descends from FAFdown Glideslope to DecisionHeight (DH)
Glideslope provides 3descent
Decision Height lower thanMDA
If runway in sight at DH, thenland
If runway not in sight at DH,then Missed ApproachSegment
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Missed Approach Segment Objective:
To guide aircraft above obstacles away from traffic tosafe location, prior to entering the queue for theapproach again
Navigation Aids: Instrument Landing System (ILS)
Start/Terminate: Start at MP or DH Terminate at Exit Hold
Defined by: Climb to safe altitude Hold at published location
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Instrument Approach Procedure
IAFIAF
FAF
MAP/DH
IAF FAF
MDA
MAP
IAF FAF
DH
MAP
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Grand Forks GPS RWY 26 Initial Approach Segment:
EYWUS (IAF), 174to URBAH. Cross URBAH at 2600
JIXIR (IAF), 354to URBAH, Cross URBAH at 2600 Intermediate Approach Segment:
Descend from URBAH, on 264to OMEPE (FAF). Cross OMEPE at2400
URBAH to OMEPE is 6nm.
Final Approach Segment: FAF (OMEPE), 264to MAP OMEPE to MAP is 5nm (3+2)
Descend from OMEPE on 2.86Flight Path Angle Cross 3nm from Runway at 1800
Missed Approach Segment Climb to 1700, then left turn to 2600, direct to HISER waypoint,
Right Hold at Hiser on 354
Return to IAF JIXIR on course 093at 2600
Nolan, Chap 3, Page 95
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Terminal VOR
Provides lateral guidance (course) to
runway for airport needing instrumentapproach
Low-powered VOR upto 25nm
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Instrument Landing System ILS provides pilot with lateral and vertical
approach path to runway centerline
ILS is equipped with three types of
transmitters: Localizer
Glideslope
Marker Beacons (2 or 3)
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Localizer - Components 3 components:
Transmitter building 300 to side of localizer antenna
Localizer antenna 1000 beyond the opposite end of the arrival runway
Monitoring equipment Part of antenna system
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Localizer - Signals VHF Band 108.1 to 111.9f mHZ
Antennae radiates signal aligned with runwaycenter-line Modulated with 2 tones
90Hz (left of runway) and 150Hz (right of runway)
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Localizer Signal Geometry Localizer signal is transmitted;
along a narrow path extending 35to the leftand right of the centerline
Approx 7high
Transmitted to a distance of 10nm Between 10nm and 25nm from runway
accurate only within 10of center-line
Localizer Directional Aid (LDA) Scalloping, degraded navaid
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Localizer On Aircraft Full-scale deflection 3off course
On-course narrows as approach antennae Ten miles from runway, full-scale deflection, aircraft mile offcourse
Approach end of runway, full scale deflection, aircraft is 300 ft offcourse
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Localizer - Review
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Glideslope - Components Glideslope components
Antenna (30 ft)
500 ft from runwaycenter-line
1000 ft from approachend of runway
transmitter building 500 ft from runway
center-line
1000 ft from approachend of runway
Monitoring antenna
Clear zone
Glideslope reflectingarea
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Glideslope - Signals UHF band 329mHz to
335mHz GS transmits
90Hz above glideslope
(+3) 150Hz below
glideslope (-3)
150Hz
90Hz
On GS
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Marker Beacons Located at known distance along
final approach course Outer Marker
5nm from approach end of runway Blue light, 400Hz beeps
Middle Marker 3000 ft (1/2 mile) from approach
end of runway Amber light, 1300Hz beeps
Aircraft 200 ft AGL = DecisionHeight
Inner Marker 1000ft from approach end of
runway White light, 3000Hz beeps Aircraft 100 ft AGL
Transmit cone shaped signalupwards
1000ft
3000ft
5nm
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Compass Locators/Non-Directional
Beacons
Non-directional Beacons
Known as Compass Locators Co-located at Outer or Middle Marker
Locator Outer Marker (LOM)
NDB at OM
Available where no radar coverage
Locator Middle Marker (LMM) NDB at MM
Very few left, being decommisioned
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Non-Directional Beacons NDB transmits radio signal
Omni-directional signal Low-medium frequency (190 540 kHz)
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) on aircraft
Displays (relative) bearing to the NDB 0NDB is straightahead, 90NDB to the right,
Nowdays, located at smaller airports as
instrument approach aids
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ILS/DME DME co-located with Localizer
Used when terrain prevents installation ofOuter Marker and/or Middle Markers
DME is tuned on same frequency as ILS
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ILS Categories 3 Categories
Determined by:
Decision Height Runway Visual Range (i.e. Visibility)
Cat I DH - 200 RVR - mile or 2400
Cat II
DH - 100 RVR 1,200 (Runway RVR equipped) Cat III
DH 0 RVR 700 Cat III-a (Runway RVR equipped)
RVR 150 Cat III-b (Runway RVR equipped)
RVR 0 Cat III-c (aircraft equipped with Automatic Landing System)
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Runway Visual Range Equipment Measures visibility along
runway
Rain, smoke, haze, fog Used for Instrument
Approaches Components
Projector Located to side of runway Upto 3 locations on
touchdown, midpoint,rollout
500 from Detector Detector Data Convertor
Takes into account time ofday, location of sun
Remote Digital Display
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ORD RWY 14L
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ORD ILS RWY 14L Initial Approach Segment:
FARMM Intercept (IAF), located on radial 293from NORTHBROOK (OBK) VOR Cross FARMM at 4000, descend on Glideslope of 3PLUNC Intercept
PLUNC Intercept is located on 293from NORTHBROOK (OBK) VOR
4.8 nm to 2500 at Locator Outer Marker (LOM)
Intermediate Approach Segment: Descend from LOM, on 142to BESSE(FAF).
Final Approach Segment: FAF 142to DH Descend on Glideslope
TDZE (Touchdown Zone Elevation) 652 Airport Elevation 668
Missed Approach Segment Climb to 1200 then climbing left turn to 4000 via ORD R-089 (radial) to LAIRD Intercept LAIRD Intercept is ORD R-089 and CGT R356
Hold
Misc. Simultaneous approach authorized on RWY 14R
Nolan, Chap 2, pg 113
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Homework Prepare for quiz
Name components of Localizer, Glideslope, Runway Visual
Range Equip? What are the 3 categories of ILS approaches?
Where are Non-directional beacons located?
What signal do Marker Beacons provide pilot?
Where is localizer equipment located (relative to runway)? What is range of Terminal VOR?
What are segments of approach?
What is difference between Precision, non-Precision Approach?
Describe 2 types of visual approach?