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NICMAR
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND
RESEARCH
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES- NCP 26
ASSIGNMENT
SUBMITTED BY
SONI KUMARI
Course: GPCCM
REG No. : 214-02-23-12103-2142
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ASSIGNMENT
NICMAR/CODE OFFICE
1. Course No. - NCP 26
2. Course title - Construction Project Management Techniques
3. Assignment No. - 3
4. Date of Dispatch - -05-14
5. Last Date of receipt -
of Assignment at CODE office
ASSIGNMENT
A new international cricket facility is to be constructed outside a mega city over a
piece of land. Facility to include-
1. Capacity of spectators- 80,000
2. Day / Night play facility
3. T.V. camera platform in six directions.
4. Safety of players from spectators.
5. Pavilion for VIPsto sit 300.
6. Parking (adequate space for all above).
Time available is 16 months including monsoon. Cost of construction need to be
recovered in 5 years. The average cost per ticket is Rs100/-. Approximate 4 matches
per year. Submit a report covering:
1. Identification of project
2. Stages in development of project
3. Work breakdown structure to undertake the project
4. Milestones and CPM chart for corporate control.
5. Cost of project
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
PROJECT DVELOPMENT PROCESS
PROJECT WORK BREAKDOWN
CPM / NETWORK ANALYSIS
RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY/READINGS
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INTRODUCTION
The future of a country can always be assessed from the nature and volume of new
projects that are being undertaken by the country. Projects create the new facilities and
infrastructure required to sustain the growth in different economic sectors. A project is a
temporary undertaking designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a
defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained and often constrained by funds
and deliverables), under taken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring
about beneficial change or added value. Projects need to be completed within a defined
scope, time and cost constraints. In addition to these challenges, project management
requires general management, technical and interpersonal skills for achieving the
project objectives.
Most projects start with a need to have a new facility long before designers start designs
and drawing of the projects and certainly before field construction work can commence.Elements of this phase include:
- Conceptual analysis
- Technical and feasibility studies and
- Environmental impact reports.
Here is a project report for construction of an international cricket stadium outside a
mega city over a piece of land in 16 months inclusive of monsoon and the cost of
construction need to be recovered within 5 years.
Stadium is to be built near the mega city hence there will be easy availability of
resources, machinery and manpower. Infrastructure facilities are there so the roads and
transportation, electricity, water, and materials will also be available effortlessly. Market
is highly competitive and we are living in the era of advertising and marketing. So many
companies would like to sponsor matches. Lot of money can be generated through
giving rights to the television channels for broadcasting of the matches. Not only this,
sponsors are ready to pay money for their logos on the uniform of the cricketers. Money
can be generated through the advertising hoardings on the ground boundary. There is
no doubt that commercialization and glamour will draw more and more cricketspectators to the stadium to watch their favourite cricketers in action as well as beautiful
girls or cheer leaders.
A traditional phased approach identifies a sequence of steps to be completed which are:
1. Project Identification
2. Project Development Process
3. Project Work Breakdown
4. CPM / Network Analysis
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PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
Construction of a new international cricket facility outside a mega city. It should have the
following facilities-
1. Capacity of spectators- 80,0002. Play facility for- Day & Night play
3. 6 directional T.V. camera platforms.
4. Safety of players from the spectators.
5. Pavilion for V.I.P with a seating capacity for 300.
6. Adequate parking space for all.
Time available- 16 months inclusive of monsoon.
Other details- Cost of construction is to be recovered in 5 years. The average cost perticket will be Rs 100/- & there will be 4 matches per year.
Feasibility Studies
A feasibility study needs to be performed before the start of a project. This stage should
include a plan that incorporates the following areas:
Analysing the business needs/requirements in measurable goals.
Reviewing of the operations/ technical studies.
Financial analysis of the costs and benefits including a budget.
Project charter including costs, tasks, deliverables, and schedule.
The major construction projects are undertaken to meet the particular needs of a client.
Generally, a client is well informed and clear about what he needs, but sometimes what
he thinks he wants and what he really needs may actually be different. The first step in
the development of a project is to analyse the needs of the client. This requires a critical
examination of the needs through feasibility studies.
Technical studies cover the production process selection, construction methodology,
location study, power and local resources availability, means of transportation, scope of
work, wastage disposal arrangement, construction cost estimates, preliminary time plan,
resource forecasts, outline project organization, and statement of project time and cost
objectives.
Financial analysis contains sales forecast, project budget, capital costs, profitability
trend, payback period, net present worth, cash flow forecast, and sources of financing.
Economic feasibility highlights social implications and cost benefit analysis.
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PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
From conceptualization to implementation, stages in the development of construction
project (here cricket stadium) fall into broadly consistent patterns but time and degree of
emphasis each project takes on its own a unique character. An idea of a project passes
through six phases before it become a reality:
- Conceptualization
- Engineering and design
- Procurement Construction
- Commissioning
- Operation and maintenance
Project Management Organization
Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of
corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project. A project organization will
generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. Depending upon the nature
of project and the corporate policy, the project management organization pattern can
vary from highly centralized functional organization to a dedicated project team with fully
decentralized authority. The matrix organization of project management lies in-between
these two extreme organizational concepts.
The matrix structure is viewed as a temporary organization having human and non-
human resources with reduced vertical hierarchy so as to respond speedily in a
changing complex situation for achieving the specified performance objectives.
The managers in a project team are its key personnel. They are drawn from their parent
departments and are specialists in their field. Following are the advantages of the matrix
structure
a) It has a single project manager responsible for the whole project. The projectmanagement, working as a team, performs management functions of planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, controlling and coordinating the project work.
b) All managers owe their allegiance to the project manager, and not to their parent
departmental heads.
c) Personal commitment to objectives is the key of matrix organization. It provides a
climate for motivation, effectiveness and personal development.
d) The specialist staffs are employed effectively. The matrix organization balances
their conflicting objectives by reducing the communication gap.
e) The top management is freed from making routine decisions, as the decision-making machinery forms an integral part of the matrix structure.
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PROJECT WORK BREAKDOWN
Project work breakdown is the division of the project into small identifiable activities or
events with some milestones also. These activities are also called as levels, which can
be classified very well. For instance the activities of cricket stadium can be divided intothree phases:
1. Pre-Construction Phase
Selection of land
Preliminary design
Final design & preparation of working drawings
Selection of vendors for the execution of work & supply of equipments &
materials
2. Construction Phase
Demarcation of the field area.
Construction of foundation for the stands and other sitting areas.
Construction of boundary walls.
Construction of steps with proper risers.
Construction of seats and VIP cabin
Construction of roof.
Provisions of services application of wall, floor and ceiling finish.
Completion of electrical and mechanical works.
External works: drainage etc.
Parking facility
Structure for Lights.
Road work.
3. Commissioning & Handing Over
Testing & commissioning of the electrical equipments.
Testing & commissioning of the HVAC system.
Testing & commissioning of the other services such as Fire Fighting, security
system, fire detection system etc.
Final handing over of the facility to the client.
Work Breakdown Methodology
Work breakdown methodology in project management, is a deliverable oriented
decomposition of a project into smaller components.It is a hierarchical and incremental
decomposition of the project into phases, deliverables and work packages. It is a tree
structure, which shows a subdivision of effort required to achieve an objective. The
project is divided into activities and events. In the preparation of the network for theproject, the arrows indicate the activities and events are identifiable instantaneous
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stages they are represented as Nodes in a network. So, arrows of the network are
joined in accordance with the interdependence of the activities, which they represent. In
small and simple work this interrelationship is obvious but in a large project it is
necessary to establish it systematically.
Assessing Duration
Assessment of duration of work can be carried out after the work breakdown structure is
created as it will help to assess the duration provided for every single activity that
comes under work breakdown. The estimation of this time is based upon the current
practices carried out in an organized manner under the normal prevailing conditions,
and the person responsible for its performance does its assessment preferably.The unit
of time can be a month, a week, a day or even an hour. Following is the calculation of
project duration considering delays due to several factors.
Project duration calculation:
The time available for construction = 16 months (Including monsoon)
Number of days per month = 30
Number of Sundays per month = 4
Thus number of working days per month = 304 = 26
Number of weeks per month = 4
Allowed project duration = 16 * 4 = 64 weeks
Loss of time due to monsoon = 4 weeks
Loss due to public holidays = 2 weeks
Thus, the project must be completed within 58 weeks.
Costing Activity
Cost estimating is one of the most important steps in project management. A cost
estimate establishes the base line of the project cost at different stages of development
of the project. A cost estimate at a given stage of project development represents a
prediction provided by the cost engineer or estimator on the basis of available data. The
costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the
subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories
consists of a number of cost components. Costing activity comprises of the following
components:
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1. Direct cost
Cost of material
Wages paid to labour
Expenditure on tools and equipment used on the activity.
2. Indirect cost
Supervision charges
Administrative charges
Interest and capital
Revenue due to early completion of work and loss due to delay.
Indirect costs is worked out per day of the project execution or it is allocated on the
basis of certain stages of work packages e.g. foundation, sill level, lintel level in the
case of building or foundations substructure super structure, approaches etc. Indirect
cost increases as duration increase and direct cost goes on decreasing as durationincreases.
Stadium needs and standards: Based on the given technical available data, following
proposal is made for the new stadium-
Area of Stadium = 90,000 sq.m (Assumed)
Capacity of Stadium = 80,000
Since the cost of construction need to be recovered within 5 years, following is the
calculation to check the economic feasibility of the project in which the comparison ofactual cost of construction and revenue collected in 5 years is done.
Assumed built up area of the stadium = 90000 sq.m
Assuming cost of construction per sq.m = Rs.3000
Therefore, Total cost of construction = 90000 x Rs. 3000
= Rs.27,00,00,000
This cost need to be covered in 5 years exactly.
Note- Assuming one match average spectators = 75,000.
All figures taken for calculations are based on assumptions except those provided. All
conditions are also assumed regarding the project execution & nature of work.
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C
Construction offoundation for thestands and other
sitting areas.
8
Excavated of specified points as perdrawings
Concreting the excavate fill andfootings.
Installation of steel columns onconcrete filling.
Rising of the columns to the requiredheight.
DConstruction ofboundary walls.
8 Beam Casting for brickwork.
Brickwork of boundary wall.
Plaster work.
E
Construction ofsteps with proper
risers, seatinstallation and restroom construction
12
Concreting of the steps.
Installation of the seats as perspecification.
Preparation of the entrance and exitwalkway
Construction of rest room for theaudiences.
Installation of water and sewer linesin rest room.
F
VIP cabin &
Players kit room 12
Slab concreting.
Installation of comfortable seatsspecified for VIP cabin.
Construction of balcony/ Installation of rest room for the VIP
Placing of lines for AC, electrical andwater lines.
GConstruction of
roof10
Installation of roof panels over thesteel columns.
Bolting and fixing of the roof over thesteel column and between the roofpanels.
HProvisions ofservices
application of wall,floor and ceiling
finish
12
Putty/Painting of Walls and Entrancegates.
Floor Finishing.
Ceiling painting.
ICompletion ofelectrical and
mechanical works.4
JExternal works:drainage etc.
4
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KParking facility
2 Marking of the parking plot for the
vehicles
Installation of fence as specified.
LStructure for Lights
and overlay TV4
Placing of the light frame over the
steel column by the tower heist. Installation of DG for the stadium
Technical assistant for the provisionfor the stadium
Providing of the AC and electricallining for the stadium
MGround/ Pitch
Preparation2
N
Dismantling of
tower crane andother temporary
structures
1
O Road work 2
PTesting &
commissioning1
Testing & commissioning of theelectrical equipments.
Testing & commissioning of theHVAC system.
Testing & commissioning of the otherservices such as Fire Fighting,security system, fire detectionsystem etc.
Total Weeks 84
Following table describes the task details along with the assumed duration to complete
each task which will help to make a schedule for work. The total number of weeks
required to complete the project is 84 weeks but we have only 64 weeks (including
holidays/monsoon) to complete it. Hence, by networking and making a schedule in
which some of the independent tasks may proceed concurrently, we can minimise theduration of the project from 84 weeks to 64 weeks.
The schedule given below gives the detail of work chart along with the duration reduced
from 84 weeks to 64 weeks.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY / READINGS
Construction Project Management Techniques (NCP 26), Lesson
book by NICMAR
Handbook on Construction Management, P.K Joy
Fundamentals of Construction Management, Dr. Abimbola Windapo