![Page 1: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
NEES Grand Challenge Project
OpenSees User Workshop
Geotechnical tools
Boris Jeremic
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of California, Davis
Jeremic, Jan 2004 1
![Page 2: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Motivation
• Create high fidelity models of constructed facilities (bridges, build-
ings, port structures, dams...).
• Models will live concurrently with the physical system they repre-
sent.
• Models to provide owners and operators with the capabilities to
assess operations and future performance.
• Use observed performance to update and validate models through
simulations.
Jeremic, Jan 2004 2
![Page 3: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Goal
• Develop and use computational models in order to
– Design physical tests
– Use observed behavior to validate and improve models
– Use validated models to predict behavior of realistic bridge
systems
• Educate users about new, exciting simulation tools that are now
available
Jeremic, Jan 2004 3
![Page 4: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Presentation Overview
• Validating computational models
• Enabling Technologies
– Template Elasto–Plasticity– Full Coupling of Solid and Fluid– Domain Reduction Method– Distributed Memory Parallel Computing– General Large Deformations
• Geomechanics Applications
– Constitutive behavior of test specimens– Behavior of piles in layered soils– Interactions of piles in pile groups– Wave propagation in saturated soils– Seismic behavior of soils and soil-structure interactions
Jeremic, Jan 2004 4
![Page 5: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Goals of Validation
Quantification of uncertainties and errors in the computational
model and the experimental measurements
• Goals on validation
– Tactical goal: Identification and minimization of uncertainties
and errors in the computational model
– Strategic goal: Increase confidence in the quantitative predictive
capability of the computational model
• Strategy is to reduce as much as possible the following:
– Computational model uncertainties and errors
– Random (precision) errors and bias (systematic) errors in the
experiments
– Incomplete physical characterization of the experiment
Jeremic, Jan 2004 5
![Page 6: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Validation Experiments
• A validation experiment should be jointly designed and executed
by experimentalist and computationalist
– Need for close working relationship from inception to documen-
tation
– Elimination of typical competition between each
– Complete honesty concerning strengths and weaknesses of both
experimental and computational simulations
• A validation Experiment should be designed to capture the relevant
physics
– Measure all important modeling data in the experiment
– Characteristics and imperfections of the experimental facility
should be included in the model
Jeremic, Jan 2004 6
![Page 7: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Application Domain
DomainApplication
System Parameter
Sys
tem
com
plex
ity
System Parameter
Sys
tem
com
plex
ity
System Parameter
Sys
tem
com
plex
ity
DomainValidation
DomainApplication
DomainValidation
ApplicationDomain
DomainValidation
Inference
Complete Overlap Partial Overlap No Overlap
• Inference ⇒ Based on physics or statistics
• Validation domain is actually an aggregation of tests (points) and
might not be convex (bifurcation of behavior)
• NEES research provides for validation domain (experimental facil-
ities) that are mostly (if not exclusively) non–overlapping with
the application domain.
Jeremic, Jan 2004 7
![Page 8: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Enabling Technologies
• Basic formulation to establish application domain (will skip theory
this time)
• Follow on–line notes for my course: Computational Geomechanics
• Papers and reports available on–line as well
• Simple examples of unit element numerical tests
Jeremic, Jan 2004 8
![Page 9: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Simulations ToolGeotechnical Part
• Fairly strictly based on Thermodynamics (Geomechanics)
• Small deformation, single phase, linear and nonlinear elasticity and
incremental elasto–plasticity (including 1D PY springs, 2D and 3D
solids)
• General, large deformation huperelasticity and hyperelasto–
plasticity
• Full coupling of solid and fluid (u − p − U), (small deformations
only at the moment
• Seismic input through the Plastic Bowl Method (aka Domain
Reduction Method), allows spatial variation in motions...)
• Visualization tools (post–processing)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 9
![Page 10: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Analysis Phases
Next load stage
Finish
Next load increment
Loading Stage
Load Increments
Equilibrium Iterations
No equilibrium yet
Self weigth, construction stages,excavations...
Path dependent materials, mimic physics, static of dynamic
Explicit (single step), Iterations (equilibrium within tolerance)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 10
![Page 11: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Equilibrium Iterations
• Local, constitutive level iterations
• Global, finite element level iterations
• Convergence criteria
• Convergence tolerance
• Newton family of methods
Jeremic, Jan 2004 11
![Page 12: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Template Elasto–Plasticity
Yield function (or lack of YF), potential function (and/or flow
directions), hardening/softening laws (scalar, rotational/translational
kinematic, distortional...)
• Independent definitions of:
1. Yield function (and it’s derivatives)
2. Plastic flow direction (first and second derivatives of potential
function)
3. Evolutions laws for the above two
• This is used to create Template Elastic–Plastic Models
Jeremic, Jan 2004 12
![Page 13: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Template Commands
#Elastic-plastic Drucker-Prager model with von Mises Plastic Potential# Yield surfaceset YS "-DP"# Potential surfaceset PS "-VM"# Scalar evolution law: linear hardening coef = 1.0set ES1 "-Leq 1.0"# Tensorial evolution law: linear hardening coef. = 0.0set ET1 "-Linear 0.0"# initial stressset stressp "0.10 0 0 0 0.10 0 0 0 0.10"#__________E________Eo____v___rho______________alpha___kset EPS "70000.0 70000.0 0.2 1.8 -NOD 1 -NOS 2 0.2 0.0 -stressp $stressp"# where alpha=2*sin(phi)/(3^0.5)/(3-sin(phi)), phi->friction angle, k->cohesion
# Put together all the components in a working elastic-plastic material modelnDMaterial Template3Dep 1 -YS $YS -PS $PS -EPS $EPS -ELS1 $ES1 -ELT1 $ET1#brick element tag 8 nodes matID bforce1 bforce2 bforce3 rhoelement brick 1 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 1 0.0 0.0 -9.81 1.8
Jeremic, Jan 2004 13
![Page 14: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Template Elastic–Plastic Models
• Yield surfaces: von Mises VM, Drucker–Prager DP, Rounded Mohr–
Coulomb RMC, Cam–Clay CC, Parabolic Leon PL (still in testing),
• Plastic flow directions (potential surfaces): von Mises VM, Drucker–
Prager DP, Rounded Mohr–Coulomb RMC, Cam–Clay CC, Manzari–
Dafalias (bounding surface plasticity) MD, Parabolic Leon PL (still
in testing),
Jeremic, Jan 2004 14
![Page 15: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Template Elastic–Plastic Models(contd)
• Isotropic or kinematic hardening/softening
– linear and/or nonlinear isotropic hardening/softening of up to 4
scalar internal variables
– linear or nonlinear kinematic hardening/softening of up to 4
tensorial internal variables
∗ Armstrong–Fredericks nonlinear kinematic hardening/softening
of up to 4 tensorial internal variables
∗ Bounding surface nonlinear (Dafalias–Popov) kinematic hard-
ening/softening of up to 4 tensorial internal variables
• Hierarchical database of models (by materials)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 15
![Page 16: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3D Solid Elements
Three types of brick elements:
• 8 node brick element Brick8N#_______________tag_____8 nodes_____matID__bforce1_bforce2_bforce3_rho
element Brick8N 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 0.0 0.0 $g $rho
• 20 node brick element Brick20N
• 27 node brick element Brick27N
Jeremic, Jan 2004 16
![Page 17: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Examples
• Pure_Shear_Test.ops
• Triaxial_Test.ops
• Simple_Shear_Test.ops
Jeremic, Jan 2004 17
![Page 18: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Template Examples
0 2 4 6 8 100
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
0 2 4 6 8 10−7
−6
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
εa (%)
ε v (%
)0 2 4 6 8 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
0 2 4 6 8 100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
0 2 4 6 8 100
5
10
15
20
25
30
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
0 2 4 6 8 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
0 2 4 6 8 100
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
0 2 4 6 8 10−1
−0.5
0
0.5
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
0 2 4 6 8 100
50
100
150
200
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
0 2 4 6 8 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
0 5 10 150
10
20
30
40
50
60
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
0 5 10 15−12
−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 18
![Page 19: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Template Cyclic Examples
−0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4−10
−5
0
5
10
15
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
−0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.40
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
−0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4−10
−5
0
5
10
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
−0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4−0.15
−0.1
−0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
−0.15 −0.1 −0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15−20
−10
0
10
20
30
εa (%)
q (k
Pa)
−0.1 −0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15−0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
εa (%)
ε v (%
)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 19
![Page 20: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Winkler Spings (aka PY springs)
• uniaxialMaterial PySimple1 matTag? soilType? pult? y50? Cd? <c>
• uniaxialMaterial TzSimple1 matTag? tzType? tult? z50? <c>
• uniaxialMaterial QzSimple1 matTag? qzType? qult? z50? <suction? c?>
• uniaxialMaterial PySimple1 1 1 100 0.01 0.0
• element zeroLength 2 2 3 -mat 1 -dir 1
• Type is usually set to 1 for clay and 2 for sand.
• Note that p and pult p are distributed loads [force per length
of pile] in common design equations, but are both loads for this
uniaxialMaterial [i.e., distributed load times the tributary length of
the pile].
Jeremic, Jan 2004 20
![Page 21: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Full Coupling of Solid and Fluid
• General form, full coupling, (currently only small deformations)
• DOFs: uLj → solid displacement pL → fluid pressure ULj → fluid
displacement
• 8 node brick element Brick8N_u_p_U#(28 args)____________tag____8 nodes____matID_bforce1_bforce2_bforce3
porosity alpha solid_density fluid_density
perm_x perm_y perm_z s_bulk_modu f_bulk_modu pressure
element Brick8N_u_p_U 1 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 1 0.0 0.0 -9.81
0.8 1.0 1.8 1.0
10e-5 10e-5 10e-5 10e5 10e5 0
• 20 node brick element Brick20N_u_p_U
Jeremic, Jan 2004 21
![Page 22: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plastic Bowl Loading(aka Domain Reduction Method)
• Based on work by Bielak et al. at CMU.
• Seismic motions and accelerations input at the layer of elements
that encompass an elastic–plastic zone (using SHAKE, Green’s
functions, Quake, SCEC...), non–reflective boundaries• pattern PBowlLoading 1 -pbele "$Dir/PBElements.dat"
-acce "$Dir/Inp_acce.dat" -disp "$Dir/Inp_disp.dat" -dt 0.02-factor 1 -xp 6.0 -xm -6.0 -yp 6.0 -ym -6.0 -zp 0.0 -zm -17.5
Fault
Plastic (Soil) "Bowls"
Jeremic, Jan 2004 22
![Page 23: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
General Large DeformationsHyperelasto–Plasticity
• In implementation phase (issues with material models defined in
terms of various stress measures (first and second Piola–Kirchhoff,
Mandel, Kirchhoff, Cauchy)
0 2 4 6 8 100
2
4
6
8
10
12
14x 10
6
shear strain γ
σ 13 [P
a]
Neo−HookeanLogarithmicMooney−RivlinOgden
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.50
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3x 10
6
Tensive strain γ
σ 33 [P
a]
Neo−HookeanLogarithmicOgden−SimoMooney−Rivlin−Simo
Jeremic, Jan 2004 23
![Page 24: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Distributed MemoryParallel Computing
• Distributed memory parallel (DMP) computational model.
• Portable from Beowulf clusters (local networks, bootable CDs) to
commercial parallel machines.
Jeremic, Jan 2004 24
![Page 25: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pre– and Post–Processing
• Many small packages around, available for UNIX–like (including
Apple) and/or MS Windows systems.
• Work on pre and post processing packages that are problem specific
• Use Matlab, Mathematica, GNUplot, Excell for simple post-
processing
Jeremic, Jan 2004 25
![Page 26: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Joey3D
Jeremic, Jan 2004 26
![Page 27: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phantom
Jeremic, Jan 2004 27
![Page 28: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Geotechnical Applications
• Constitutive behavior of test specimens
• Behavior of piles in layered soils
• Interactions of piles in pile groups
• Wave propagation in saturated soils
• Seismic behavior of soils and soil-structure interactions
Jeremic, Jan 2004 28
![Page 29: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Long Specimen
Progression of plastic zone for a long specimen with high friction
end platens
Jeremic, Jan 2004 29
![Page 30: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Non–Level End Platens
Jeremic, Jan 2004 30
![Page 31: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Constitutive Response?
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Shear Strain ε (%)
q (k
Pa)
Without Friction − Cubic Sample With Friction − Cubic SampleWithout Friction − 2 to 1 Sample With Friction − 2 to 1 Sample
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.534
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
38
Max. inclination angle (deg)
Mob
ilize
d fr
ition
ang
le a
t 2.0
% a
xial
str
ain
Actual friction angle: 37.0o
Jeremic, Jan 2004 31
![Page 32: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Single Pile in Layered Soils
−1000 0 1000 2000−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
SAND
φ = 37.1o
−1.718
SOFT CLAY
Cu = 21.7 kPa
−3.436
SAND
φ = 37.1o
Bending Moment (kN.m)
Dep
th (
m)
SAND
φ = 37.1o
−1.718
SOFT CLAY
Cu = 21.7 kPa
−3.436
SAND
φ = 37.1o
SAND
φ = 37.1o
−1.718
SOFT CLAY
Cu = 21.7 kPa
−3.436
SAND
φ = 37.1o
−400 −200 0 200 400 600−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
Shear Force (kN)−100 0 100 200 300
−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
Lateral Resistance (kN/m)−1000 0 1000 2000
−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
SAND
φ = 37.1o
−1.718
SOFT CLAY
Cu = 21.7 kPa
−3.436
SAND
φ = 37.1o
Bending Moment (kN.m)
Dep
th (
m)
−400 −200 0 200 400 600−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
Shear Force (kN)−100 0 100 200 300
−10
−8
−6
−4
−2
0
2
Lateral Resistance (kN/m)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 32
![Page 33: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
p− y Response for Single Pile inLayered Soils
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
50
100
150
200
250
300
Lateral Displacement y (cm)
Late
ral P
ress
ure
p (k
N/m
)
Depth −0.322Depth −0.537Depth −0.752Depth −0.966Depth −1.181Depth −1.396Depth −1.611Depth −1.825Depth −2.040Depth −2.255Depth −2.470Depth −2.684
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
50
100
150
200
250
300
Lateral Displacement y (cm)La
tera
l Pre
ssur
e p
(kN
/m)
Depth −0.322Depth −0.537Depth −0.752Depth −0.966Depth −1.181Depth −1.396Depth −1.611Depth −1.825Depth −2.040Depth −2.255Depth −2.470Depth −2.684
• Influence of soft layers propagates to stiff layers and vice versa
• Can have significant effects in soils with many layers
Jeremic, Jan 2004 33
![Page 34: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Examples
• Series of files in SPtcl and SinglePileModel directory
• Single pile (elastic, solid beam or beam-column) in soil (solids)
• Stages of loading (self weight of soil only, static pushover)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 34
![Page 35: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Pile Group Simulations
• 4x3 pile group model and plastic zones
Jeremic, Jan 2004 35
![Page 36: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Out of Plane Effects
• Out-of-loading-plane bending moment diagram,
• Out-of-loading-plane deformation.
Jeremic, Jan 2004 36
![Page 37: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Load Distribution per Pile
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 115
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15La
tera
l Loa
d D
istr
ibut
ion
in E
ach
Pile
(%
)
Displacement at Pile Group Cap (cm)
Trail Row, Side PileThird Row, Side PileSecond Row, Side PileLead Row, Side PileTrail Row, Middle PileThird Row, Middle PileSecond Row, Middle PileLead Row, Middle Pile
Jeremic, Jan 2004 37
![Page 38: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Piles Interaction at -2.0m
• Note the difference in response curves (cannot scale single pile
response for multiple piles)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 38
![Page 39: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Validation with Centrifuge Tests
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1015
20
25
30
35
40
45
Late
ral L
oad
dist
ribut
ion
in e
ach
row
(%
)
Lateral Displacement at Pile Group Cap (cm)
FEM − Trail RowFEM − Third RowFEM − Second RowFEM − Lead RowCentrifuge − Trail RowCentrifuge − Third RowCentrifuge − Second RowCentrifuge − Lead Row
Jeremic, Jan 2004 39
![Page 40: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Seismic Wave Propagation Model
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
−27.3
−23.3
−21.8
−18.3
−14.8
−11.8
−8.8
−6.3
−3.3
−1.8
0.0
Time (s)
Acc
eler
atio
n (m
/s2 )
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5−27.3
−23.3
−21.8
−18.3
−14.8
−11.8
−8.8
−6.3
−3.3
−1.8
0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 40
![Page 41: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Seismic Wave PropagationSoft Soil
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0.0625−27.3
0.0633−23.3
0.0678−21.8
0.0749−18.3
0.0846−14.8
0.0960−11.8
0.1076 −8.8
0.1160 −6.3
0.1208 −3.3
0.1207 −1.8
0.1181 0.0
Max
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0.0622−25.0
0.0779−21.0
0.0837−19.5
0.0982−15.0
0.1069−11.0
0.1123 −7.0
0.1169 −4.3
0.1174 −3.6
0.1179 −1.8
0.1181 0.0
0.1183 1.8
0.1178 3.6
0.1173 4.3
0.1129 7.0
0.1075 11.0
0.0984 15.0
0.0837 19.5
0.0779 21.0
0.0622 25.0
Max
Time (s)
Dis
pala
cem
ent (
m)
Y
Jeremic, Jan 2004 41
![Page 42: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Seismic Wave PropagationStiff Soil
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0.0625−27.3
0.0658−23.3
0.0724−21.8
0.0735−18.3
0.0745−14.8
0.0753−11.8
0.0758 −8.8
0.0761 −6.3
0.0762 −3.3
0.0762 −1.8
0.0760 0.0
Max
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0.0622−25.0
0.0715−21.0
0.0727−19.5
0.0737−15.0
0.0746−11.0
0.0754 −7.0
0.0759 −4.3
0.0759 −3.6
0.0760 −1.8
0.0760 0.0
0.0760 1.8
0.0759 3.6
0.0758 4.3
0.0754 7.0
0.0746 11.0
0.0737 15.0
0.0726 19.5
0.0715 21.0
0.0622 25.0
Max
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Y
Jeremic, Jan 2004 42
![Page 43: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SSI Model
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
−38.0
−30.0−28.0
−20.0
−16.0
−12.0
−8.0
−4.0
0.0
Time (s)
Acc
eler
atio
n (m
/s2 )
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5−38.0−30.0
−28.0
−20.0
−16.0
−12.0
−8.0
−4.0
0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Files in directory DRMtcl
Jeremic, Jan 2004 43
![Page 44: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
SSI Model Free FieldStiff Elastic–Plastic Soil
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.0000−38.0
0.0052−30.00.1055−28.0
0.1142−20.0
0.1183−16.0
0.1219−12.0
0.1576 −8.0
0.1947 −4.0
0.2002 0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z(m) Max
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.2002 0.0
0.1937 4.0
0.1749 8.0
0.1261 12.0
0.1231 16.0
0.1139 24.0
0.0124 26.0
0.0000 34.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z(m) Max
Jeremic, Jan 2004 44
![Page 45: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
SSI Model Pile–ColumnStiff Elastic–Plastic Soil
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.0000−38.0
0.0052−30.00.1055−28.0
0.1142−20.0
0.1183−16.0
0.1222−12.0
0.1496 −8.0
0.1899 −4.0
0.2091 0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z(m) Max
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.2091 0.0
0.1935 4.0
0.1751 8.0
0.1262 12.0
0.1232 16.0
0.1139 24.0
0.0124 26.0
0.0000 34.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Y(m) Max
Jeremic, Jan 2004 45
![Page 46: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
SSI Model Free FieldSoft Elastic–Plastic Soil
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.0000−38.0
0.0140−30.00.0971−28.0
0.1096−20.0
0.1190−16.0
0.1261−12.0
0.1622 −8.0
0.2823 −4.0
0.3158 0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z(m)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.3158 0.0
0.2890 4.0
0.2545 8.0
0.1567 12.0
0.1512 16.0
0.1338 24.0
0.0362 26.0
0.0000 34.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Y(m) Max
Jeremic, Jan 2004 46
![Page 47: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
SSI Model Pile–ColumnSoft Elastic–Plastic Soil
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.0000−38.0
0.0140−30.00.0976−28.0
0.1094−20.0
0.1207−16.0
0.1227−12.0
0.1328 −8.0
0.2448 −4.0
0.3680 0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z(m) Max
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.3680 0.0
0.2896 4.0
0.2536
8.0
0.1549
12.0
0.1497
16.0
0.1331
24.0 0.0356
26.0
0.0000 34.0
Time (s)
Jeremic, Jan 2004 47
![Page 48: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SSI Model: Pile–Column Behavior
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10−0.03
−0.02
−0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Dis
plac
emnt
(m
)
Time (s)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
−0.25
−0.2
−0.15
−0.1
−0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Time (s)
Stiff soil Soft soil
Jeremic, Jan 2004 48
![Page 49: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
SSI Model: Seismic Results
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0000−38.0
0.0077−30.0
0.0783−28.0
0.0791−20.0
0.0844−16.0
0.0878−12.0
0.1248 −8.0
0.1800 −4.0
0.1946 0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z(m) Max
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0.0000−38.0
0.0224−30.0
0.0879−28.0
0.1102−20.0
0.1161−16.0
0.1227−12.0
0.3961 −8.0
0.6258 −4.0
0.6928 0.0
Time (s)
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Z(m) Max
Stiff soil Soft soil
Jeremic, Jan 2004 49
![Page 50: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Wave Propagation in SaturatedSoils
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2x 10
−3
Sol
id D
ispl
acem
ent (
m)
Top node2m from top4m from top6m from top
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3−0.5
0
0.5
1
Por
e pr
essu
re (
kPa)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2x 10
−3
Time (sec)
Flu
id D
ispl
acem
ent (
m)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2x 10
−3
Sol
id D
ispl
acem
ent (
m)
Top node2m from top4m from top6m from top
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3−0.5
0
0.5
1
Por
e pr
essu
re (
kPa)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3−4
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2x 10
−3
Time (sec)
Flu
id D
ispl
acem
ent (
m)
Half space, ramp load k = 10−3,5m/s
Jeremic, Jan 2004 50
![Page 51: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Soil–Structure Interaction
Jeremic, Jan 2004 51
![Page 52: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
SSI AdvantageousH
oriz
anta
l Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
0.1
0.05
0
−0.05
−0.1
−0.150 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (Sec)
Fixed Model SFSI Model
She
ar F
orce
(N
)
4
6
2
0
−2
−4
−6
−8
x 10
Fixed ModelSFSI model
−0.15 −0.1 −0.05 0Displacement (m)
0.05 0.1
6
Kobe–JMA
Jeremic, Jan 2004 52
![Page 53: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
SSI DisadvantageousH
oriz
anta
l Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
Time (Sec)0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fixed Model SFSI Model
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
−0.1
−0.2
−0.3
−0.4
−0.5
6
She
ar F
orce
(N
)
−2
0
2
4
6
−4
−6
−8−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Displacement (m)
Fixed ModelSFSI model
x 10
LP–Corralitos
Jeremic, Jan 2004 53
![Page 54: NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop ...sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/ · NEES Grand Challenge Project OpenSees User Workshop Geotechnical ... QzSimple1 matTag?](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051802/5af6ad8b7f8b9a190c900e88/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Conclusions
• Examples, lecture notes, executables available at:
http://sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremicand at
http://opensees.berkeley.edu/
• Manual is constantly being improved
• Executables available for both UNIX-like (up–to–date, preferable)
and MS Windows.
• MS Windows, soon to have up to date executables
Jeremic, Jan 2004 54