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Negotiation of Phytosanitary
Requirements
Judy Macias
APHIS PPQ Phytosanitary Issues Management
Seventh Annual Phytosanitary Irradiation Forum
March 21-22, 2017
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Overview:
• USDA APHIS PPQ PIM
• Role of PIM in International
Trade
• Export Market
Access/Expansion Process
• Establishment of
Phytosanitary Requirements
• Challenges/ Future Needs
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APHIS PPQ Phytosanitary Issues Management
• Is the recognized National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO)
for the United States under the International Plant Protection
Convention (IPPC)
• Serves as the primary point of contact for communications with other
NPPOs concerning phytosanitary issues
• Works to remove technical trade barriers and resolve
import/export phytosanitary issues for plants/plant products
• International Trade Focus on:
– New market access
– Market retention
– Market expansion
• International standard setting
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Where PIM Fits in the APHIS Overview
Kevin SheaAPHIS Administrator
InternationalServices
VeterinaryServices
Plant Protection& Quarantine
Wildlife Services Animal CareBiotechnology
RegulatoryServices
Policy & ProgramDevelopment
MRP BusinessServices
Legislative &Public Affairs
Phytosanitary Issues Management
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APHIS
Plant Protection &
Quarantine (PPQ)
March 2017
Policy Management
Science and Technology
Field Operations
Osama El‐Lissy
Deputy Administrator
(includes PIM staff)
(includes Export Services staff)
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PIM Responsibilities
Bilateral plant health discussions
International standard setting
Market Access Request Process
• Imports
• Exports
Market retention/expansion
Country and Commodity Portfolios
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Overview of Market Access/Expansion Process for
U.S. Exports
• Industry sector provides an official request to PIM for
new/expanded market access
• PIM gathers supporting technical information and submits
the request to the designated NPPO inform
• The NPPO may conduct a pest risk analysis
• PIM negotiates with the foreign NPPO to reach agreement
on the pests of concern, the risk mitigation measures, and
phytosanitary entry requirements (including the
development of operational work plans for export when
appropriate)
• The NPPO may conduct one or more site visits to the export
production area during the process
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World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the
Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the
SPS Agreement
Important Principles:
• Every country has the right to establish its own appropriate level
of phytosanitary protection.
• The appropriate level of protection (or acceptable level of risk)
must be based upon scientific principles and evidence.
• The responsibility to analyze risk and to justify SPS measures
lies with the importing country.
– However in reality, there is a sharing of obligations between the
importing and exporting countries regarding the provision of
scientific evidence and justification
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Pest Risk Analysis
“the evaluation of the likelihood of entry, establishment
or spread of a pest or disease within the territory of an
importing Member, according to the sanitary or
phytosanitary measures which might be applied,
and of the associated potential biological and economic
consequences”
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Information Sharing During Pest
Risk Analysis Process
STAKEHOLDERS
NPPO PIM
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Pest Risk Management Process
• The evaluation and selection of options to reduce the risk of
the introduction of a pest occurs during the pest risk
management process.
• Risk management options may include:
– the application of one or more phytosanitary measures, and/or
– the application of standard industry production, harvest, packing and
transportation processes
• Phytosanitary measures are defined as :
– Any legislation, regulation, or official procedure having the purpose to
prevent the introduction and/or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the
economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests.
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12
Plant Health Technical Bilateral Meetings
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Plant Health Technical Bilateral
Meetings
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NPPO Site Visits
May be required as part of the market
access process
May also be required after market
access is achieved
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Phytosanitary Requirements
Depend upon:
• Commodity
• Origin
• Destination Country
• Associated Pests
• Bilaterally Negotiated
Agreements
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Examples of Phytosanitary Requirements
• Commercially produced
product
• Surveillance
• Phytosanitary inspection and
certification
• Pre-harvest treatment
• Post-harvest treatment
• Combination of integrated
measures (systems
approach)
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Common Post-Harvest Treatment Options
1. Fungicide
➢ Dip, drench or fog
2. Cold treatment or Heat treatment
➢ Prior to export or in-transit
3. Fumigation
➢ Prior to export or upon arrival
4. Irradiation
➢ Prior to export or upon arrival
5. Combination
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Challenges
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Irradiation Framework Equivalency Work Plans(FEWP) - by country and date of signature
Country Signature Date
Thailand January 2006
India February 2006
Mexico May 2006
Philippines July 2007
Vietnam July 2007
Laos July 2007
Malaysia July 2007
South Africa October 2008
Pakistan May 2010
Peru September 2012
Australia November 2014
Dominican Republic June 2015
Grenada March 2016
Ecuador January 2017
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Other Challenges
PIM Staff as of March 2016
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Limited Resources = Need to Prioritize
• Regular Communications between PIM and Industry
Sector Representatives
– Industry sectors provide prioritized lists
– Industry sectors provide input on bilateral plant health
meeting agenda items for issues related to new, expanded,
or retention of market access for their commodity
• Commodity Sector Stakeholder meetings
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Questions?