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Neoclassicism or “New Classicism”
Part One
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Neoclassicism
• 1660-late 1700’s in England, but the movement started earlier and occurred throughout Europe
• 1660 return of the Stuart line to the throne with Charles II after Puritans were overthrown from their 1648 takeover of the English government
• Reaction against the Renaissance• Back to the classics of the Greeks and Romans• Age of Reason – 17th Century• Age of Enlightenment – 18th Century
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• Charles II restored to the throne (Stuart line) in 1660
• The Church of England restored from Puritan takeover
• Laws passed instituting the Book of Common Prayer and other pro-Anglican laws
Overview of Political/Religious History for this Period (Just for Historical Context)
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• James II inherits the throne
• James tries to reinstate Roman Catholicism
• Protestant William of Orange and his wife Mary take over the throne in the Glorious Revolution
• James, his wife, and their son escape to France, to the Catholic court of Louis XIV
• Two attempts to regain the English throne
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• Queen Anne is the last Stuart monarch
• German-born George I of Hanover rules after her death
• King George III is king when the colonists declare independence
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Philosophical, Religious, Artistic, Scientific, and Literary
Contexts
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The Classical Writers Rediscovered
•Homer•Virgil•Ovid•Sophocles
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Key Ideas/Contributions
• tabula rasa : the idea that humans start life with a “blank slate” in the mind, with no “pre-knowledge” ~John Locke
• Laws of gravity ~Isaac Newton
• Great Chain of Being: Man is just below angels and above nature ~Classical belief of classification and hierarchy
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Deism
• Bible is not the inspired word of God
• God is like a clockmaker who created the world and then left men to rule themselves
• Religion based on reason and the study of nature
• Machinery set in motion
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Key Ideas (continued)
• Decorum: the subject of art and writing should be appropriate, as should be the structure
• A story/play must have a beginning a middle, and an end ~ Aristotle (Ancient Greece)
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RenaissanceNo limits on what man can
do
Intense emotions
NeoclassicismMan is limited and imperfect
Restrained emotion
Prized order
Art is work and suited for the wealthy
Traits of Neoclassicism: symmetry, economy, logic, utility, controlled emotion
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Forms of Writing
• Essay• Letter• Epistle• Satire• Parody• Moral instruction
Play of mind: polite, urbane, witty language and humor
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WritersAlexander PopeJohn MiltonJohn BunyanDaniel DefoeJonathan SwiftThomas GrayJohn DrydenSamuel JohnsonWilliam CowperVoltaireJean Jacques Rousseau
ArtistsJacques-Louis DavidBenjamin WestAntonio CanovaJean-Antoine HoudonJohn Flaxman
ComposersWolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Joseph Haydn
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