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Nervous tissueNervous tissue
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Functions of Nerve TissueFunctions of Nerve Tissue
reacts to stimulireacts to stimuli fromfrom the internal and external the internal and external
environment and conducts impulses to organs, environment and conducts impulses to organs,
analyses and integrates stimulianalyses and integrates stimuli to provide to provide appropriate, coappropriate, co--ordinated responses organs, ordinated responses organs,
conducts impulsesconducts impulses from the sense organs and from the sense organs and receptors to the central nervous system (CNS), receptors to the central nervous system (CNS),
transmits impulsestransmits impulses from the CNS to the from the CNS to the effectors (skeletal muscle, smooth muscles and effectors (skeletal muscle, smooth muscles and
glands).glands).
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Nervous system central (CNS) Nervous system central (CNS)
peripheral (PNS)peripheral (PNS)
motor (motor (voluntaryvoluntary))
autonomicautonomic
Origin of NS: neuroectodermOrigin of NS: neuroectoderm
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Nervous tissue structureNervous tissue structure
nerve cells (neurons) + supporting cells (glia)nerve cells (neurons) + supporting cells (glia)
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NeuronNeuron
PerikaryonPerikaryon (cell body)(cell body)
Dendrite(s)Dendrite(s)
Axon hillockAxon hillock
Axon Axon –– only 1 only 1
Telodendria Telodendria
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Receptive portion
Transmission portion
Secretory portion
PARTS of NEURON
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Neuron 4 Neuron 4 –– 100 100 m in m in
N
Mi
neurotubules, neurofilaments
Nissl bodies = RER
Dendrite(s)
transport of nerve impulses
Usual organelles in cytoplasm (GA, ER, Ri, Ly, … lipofuscin
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nucleus
nucleolus
Nissl substance
dendrite
Triangular shape of perikaryon (pyramidal neuron from cerebral cortex)
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Shape of perikaryonShape of perikaryon (usually depends on the number of dendrites)(usually depends on the number of dendrites)
Cajal's horizontal cells
in brai cortex
Purkinje cells in cerebellum
Neurons of spinal ganglia
Pyramidal cells in brain cortex
Motor neurons in anterior horns of spinal column
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1 2
3 1, 2 – multipolar neurons: Nissl bodies 3 – pseudounipolar neurons:lipofuscin
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Classification of neuronsClassification of neurons (according to number of processes)(according to number of processes)
(Apolar)(Apolar)
UnipolarUnipolar
BipolarBipolar
PseudounipolarPseudounipolar
MultipolarMultipolar
(Amacrine) (Amacrine)
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Classification of neuronsClassification of neurons (according to …)(according to …)
the length of axonthe length of axon::
Golgi type IGolgi type I (long axon) (long axon) –– length up to 1 m length up to 1 m
Golgi type IIGolgi type II (short axon) (short axon) –– length about several 1 cmlength about several 1 cm
the functionthe function::
sensitive neuronssensitive neurons (aferent) (aferent) –– conduct impulses from conduct impulses from
the receptors to CNSthe receptors to CNS
motor neuronsmotor neurons (eferent) (eferent) –– conduct impulses from CNS conduct impulses from CNS
to the efector cellsto the efector cells
interneuronsinterneurons –– are situated between sensitive and motor are situated between sensitive and motor
neurons; represent 97 % of all neurons neurons; represent 97 % of all neurons
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DendritesDendrites
(from (from GreekGreek dendrondendron, “tree”), “tree”) are the branched projections of a are the branched projections of a neuronneuron that act that act
to conduct the electrical stimulation,to conduct the electrical stimulation,
dendritic spinesdendritic spines are small membranous are small membranous protrusions electric intensity vector acts in protrusions electric intensity vector acts in
perpendicular direction to dendrite axis.perpendicular direction to dendrite axis.
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AxonAxon (neurit, nerve fibre)(neurit, nerve fibre)
is a long, slender projection of is a long, slender projection of neuronneuron, that , that conducts conducts electrical impulseselectrical impulses away from the away from the perikaryon of neuron,perikaryon of neuron,
axon hillock, initial segmentaxon hillock, initial segment
contains neurofilaments, neurotubulescontains neurofilaments, neurotubules
its surface can be covered by sheath(s): its surface can be covered by sheath(s): Schwann sheath, myelin sheath,Schwann sheath, myelin sheath,
telodendria telodendria
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Axon hillock
Initial segment of axon
Schwann cells
Axonterminals (telodendrion)
STRUCTURE of AXON
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Sheaths of axons (neurits)Sheaths of axons (neurits)
Schwann cells (in PNS) Myeline sheath Oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
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Nerve sheaths
- myelin sheath
- Schwann sheath (in PNS)
- oligodendrocytes (in CNS)
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Myelin sheath 1 - 20 µm thick 70 % H2O, lipids, proteins spirally arranged lipoprotein lamellae by Ranvier nodes is separated into internodia (Ranvier segments, 0,6–2,0 mm long)
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Neurilemma = composed of Schwann cells
fibers without myelin sheath - Schwann cell surrounds more axons myelinized fibers - each internodium has its own Schwann cell
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Synapses Synapses
serve for transmission of impulses between serve for transmission of impulses between neurons or neuron and effector cell,neurons or neuron and effector cell,
chemical or electric synapses,chemical or electric synapses,
three parts of synapse: three parts of synapse: 1) presynaptic knob 1) presynaptic knob 2) synaptic cleft 2) synaptic cleft 3) postsynaptic membrane3) postsynaptic membrane
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Function of synapseFunction of synapse
Synaptic vesicles Synaptic cleft 20 – 30 nm
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Short chains of peptides
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Interneuronal synapsesInterneuronal synapses
neuron neuron –– neuron neuron
Axodendritic Axosomatic Dendrodendritic axoaxonal
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Peripheral synapsesPeripheral synapses
neuron neuron –– effector celleffector cell
Motor end plate
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Neuroglia Neuroglia
(glial cells)(glial cells)
Supporting cells in nerve tissueSupporting cells in nerve tissue
Functions: supportive, nutritive, Functions: supportive, nutritive, (immuno)protective(immuno)protective
Central glia:Central glia: astrocytesastrocytes fibrousfibrous
protoplasmic protoplasmic
oligodendrogliaoligodendroglia
microglia (Horteg)microglia (Horteg)
ependymaependyma
Peripheral glia:Peripheral glia: Schwann cellsSchwann cells
satellite cellssatellite cells
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Neuroglia
Central glia
astrocytes – hematoencephalic barrier
oligodendrocytes – myelin
mikroglia – phagocytosis
ependymocytes – lining of CNS cavities + liquor production
Periferal glia
Schwann cells (neurilemma) – myelin
satelite cells – isolation of perikarya in ganglia
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CENTRAL GLIA
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Cortex cerebri (HE) – lamina pyramidalis
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Cortex cerebri (HE) – lamina ganglionaris with large pyramidal cells of Betz
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Cortex cerebri (HE) – pyramidal cell
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Cerebellum (impregnation) – Purkinje cell
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Medulla spinalis (HE) – motor neuron
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Spinal ganglion (HE)
nerve
nerve
epineurium
pseudounipolar neurons
bundles of nerve fibers
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Ganglion cell + satellite cells
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epineurium perineurium
bundles of nerve fibers blood vessels
adipose
tissue
Peripheral nerve (HE) – cross section
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Peripheral nerve (HE) cross section
Axon myelin sheath Schwann cell nucleus
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Peripheral nerve (HE)
longitudinal section
Myelinated nerve fiber (axon)
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Thank you for your attention
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Astrocytes (macroglia)Astrocytes (macroglia) Protoplasmic astrocytes Fibrous astrocytesProtoplasmic astrocytes Fibrous astrocytes
Functions: cytoplasmic processes are ended by Functions: cytoplasmic processes are ended by end feetend feet, which form , which form continuous layer continuous layer –– limiting membranes on the surface of: limiting membranes on the surface of: 1) 1) blood capillariesblood capillaries ((membrana limitans gliae perivascularis;membrana limitans gliae perivascularis; together with together with endothelium it forms endothelium it forms bloodblood--brain barrierbrain barrier, ,
2) brain (2) brain (membrana limitans gliae suoerficialismembrana limitans gliae suoerficialis) ) Astrocytes have protective and nutritive functionAstrocytes have protective and nutritive function
In gray matter of CNS In white matter of CNS
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Astrocyte
END FOOT
End feet taking nutrients From blood
End feet bringing nutrients to dendrites and bodies of neurons
End feet bringing nutrients to telodendrion of neuron Astrocyte
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Astrocytes
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Membrana limitans gliae superficialis
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PERIPHERAL GLIA: SCHWANN CELLS
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Nervous tissue structureNervous tissue structure
nerve cells (neurons) + supporting cells (glia)nerve cells (neurons) + supporting cells (glia)
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Axon terminals
Muscle spindle
Motor end plates
Muscle fibers
Group of motor end plates
each skeletal muscle fiber—no matter how long it may be—has only one such neuromuscular junction
these muscle fibers will contract simultaneously
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