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Neuroscience Disciplines
• Neuroanatomy
• Neurochemistry
• Neuroendocrinology
• Neuropathology
• Neuropharmacology
• Neurophysiology
• BIOPSYCHOLOGY
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Brain Anatomy - Three Divisions
FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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Brain Anatomy - Three Divisions
FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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• MIDBRAIN• Mesencephalon• Tectum• Tegmentum• Periaqueductal Gray• HINDBRAIN• Metencephalon• Cerebellum• Pons • Myelencephalon• Medulla Oblongata • •
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Biopsychology
• The discipline of neuroscience that attempts to discover how the various neural phenomena studied in the other disciplines control behavior.
• Example: Sleep Behavior• What brain structures are responsible for sleep?• What is the chemical content of the structures?• What drugs promote sleep?
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Members of Society for Neuroscience - Departmental Affiliations
Department Percentage of Sample
Psychology 16.1
Physiology 14.3
Pharmacology 12.5
Biology 11.2
Anatomy 11.2
Neurology 6.7
Psychiatry 5.8
Neuroscience-biology 5.3
Neurosurgery 3.1
Pathology 3.1
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Divisions of Biopsychology
• Physiological Psychology• Manipulations of nervous system in controlled
experimental settings
• Laboratory animals
• “Pure” or “basic” research
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Psychopharmacology
• Drug effects on behavior and how these effects are mediated
• “Applied” research - purpose to develop therapeutic drugs
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Neuropsychology
• Effects of brain damage on human behavior
• “Applied” research to help those afflicted with behavioral disorders
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Psychophysiology
• Study of the relationship between physiology and behavior in humans
• Non-invasive procedures taken from the body surface
• Strive to understand the physiology of basic psychological processes such as information processing, emotion
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Cognitive Neuroscience
• The neural basis of cognition including thought, attention and memory
• Human research involving non-invasive human brain imaging techniques
• Involves interdisciplinary collaboration among neuroscientists
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Comparative Psychology
• Comparison of behavior of different species
• Focus on genetics, evolution and adaptiveness of behavior
• brain differences that contribute to behavioral differences among species
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Research approaches used in Biopsychology
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Somatic Intervention
• Bodily Intervention Behavioral Effect
Examples Examples
• Administer hormone Measure Mating
• Stimulate Brain Area Measure Aggression
• Local Brain Damage Measure Memory
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Behavioral Intervention
• Somatic Effect Behavioral Intervention
• Examples Examples
• Measure Hormones Female with Male
• Measure Brain Activity Memory Task
• Measure Brain Anatomy Altered Rearing
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Correlational Studies
Somatic Variables Behavioral Variables
Examples Examples
Brain Size Learning Scores
Hormonal Levels Strength of Mating
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Why does one study the biological basis of behavior?
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Brain Function and BehaviorEarly Theories
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Localizationist Theory
• 1800ff. - Gall, Spurzheim
• Brain is not a unitary organ
• Cerebrum is a mosaic of centers
• Each center has a specific mental function
• Centers developed in size as a function of use
• Centers produced protuberances on skull surface
• Anatomical Personality or Phrenology
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Aggregate Field Theory
• 1824 - Flourens: 1924 - Lashley
• Specific mental functions are not localized
• Brain acts as a whole for each function
• Any part of cerebral cortex is capable of performing all functions
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Cellular Connectionism Theory
• 1876 - Wernicke: 1861 - Broca
• Simple mental functions are discretely localized to single cortical areas
• The areas for these simple functions are interconnected
• Complex mental functions arise from interactions among several of these areas
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TERMINOLOGY• Micron - one thousanth of a millimeter• Soma or Perikaryon• Nissl stain• Endoplasmic reticulum (Nissl bodies)• Golgi Apparatus• Microtubules• Neurofilaments• Dendritic spine• Axon Collaterals • Synaptic vesicles• Active zones
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Types of Synapses
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
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Neuroglial Cells
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Schwann Cell
• Central Nervous System
• Oligodendroglial Cell
• Astrocyte
• Microglia
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Brain Anatomy - Three Divisions
FOREBRAIN
Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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• MIDBRAIN• Mesencephalon• Tectum• Tegmentum• Periaqueductal Gray• HINDBRAIN• Metencephalon• Cerebellum• Pons • Myelencephalon• Medulla Oblongata • •