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NEUTRINO MASS
STUART FREEDMAN MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM
BERKELEY, JAN 11, 2014
Hamish Robertson, University of Washington
a long wait for a little weight
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2
Neutrinos oscillate, have mass
Super-Kamiokande
KamLAND
SNO
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Particle Physics Cosmology
What is the neutrino mass scale?
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NEUTRINO MASS FROM BETA SPECTRA
neutrino massesmixing
With flavor mixing:
from oscillations mass scale
4
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5
MASS LIMITS FROM TRITIUM
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6Hamish Robertson, Stuart Freedman, Tom Bowles, Carol Bowles, Karl-Erik Bergkvist. Erice 1980. (from Tom)
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7Tom Bowles, Carol Bowles, Stuart Freedman, Hamish Robertson, Erice 1980. (from Tom)
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8
Magnetic spectrometers showed no kink. But they had shape correction factors.
"Contrary to intuition, a nullresult is not inherently more reliable than a positive one.”
J.J. Simpson
Grabowski spectrometer
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CURRENT STATUS:
Mainz: solid T2, MAC-E filter C. Kraus et al., Eur. Phys. J. C40, 447 (2005)
Troitsk: gaseous T2, MAC-E filter V. Aseev et al., PRD 84 (2011) 112003
Together:…mv < 1.8 eV (95% CL)
9
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MASS AND MIXING PARAMETERS
m212 7.54+0.21
-0.21 x 10-5 eV2
m322| 2.42+0.12
-0.11 x 10-3 eV2
mi > 0.055 eV (90% CL) < 5.4 eV (95% CL)*
12 34.1+0.9-0.9 deg
23 39.2+1.8-1.8 deg
13 9.1+0.6-0.7 deg
sin213 0.025+.003-.003
Marginalized 1-D 1- uncertainties.
*C. Kraus et al., Eur. Phys. J. C40, 447 (2005); V. Aseev et al. PRD 84 (2011) 112003.Other refs, see Fogli et al. 1205.5254 10
Oscillation Kinematic
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TLK
KATRINAt Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
unique facility for closed T2 cycle:
Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe
11
A direct, model-independent, kinematic method, based on β decay of tritium.
~ 75 m long with 40 s.c. solenoids
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~0.4 eV
First measurement, UIE = 700V, electron gun source.July 12, 2013.
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Measuring something and getting it wrong?
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A WINDOW TO WORK INMolecular excitations
14
Energy loss
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KATRIN’S UNCERTAINTY BUDGET
StatisticalFinal-state spectrum
T- ions in T2 gasUnfolding energy loss
Column densityBackground slope
HV variationPotential variation in source
B-field variation in sourceElastic scattering in T2 gas
σ(mv2) 0 0.01 eV2
σ(mv2)total= 0.025 eV2
15mv< 0.2 eV (90 % CL)
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WHAT IS THE BRANCHING RATIO FOR T2 → 3HeT+?
Source Experiment Theory
Snell Wexler
TH 0.932 ±
0.019
0.895 ±
0.011
---
T2 --- 0.945 ±
0.006
0.36
Need a test of the final-state theory for KATRIN and Project 8
Tritium Recoil-Ion Mass Spectrometer (TRIMS)
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MASS RANGE ACCESSIBLE
PresentLab Limit1.8 eV
starting2016
KATRIN
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18K. Abazajian, CF5 Summary
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e
μ
τ c
s
ud
t
b
νh
νm
νlmeV
eV
keV
MeV
GeV
TeVLEPTONS QUARKS
??
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MASS RANGE ACCESSIBLE
PresentLab Limit1.8 eV
starting2016
KATRIN
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THE LAST ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
If the mass is below 0.2 eV, how can we measure it? KATRIN may be the largest such experiment possible.
Size of experiment now:Diameter 10 m.
Rovibrational states of THe+, HHe+ molecule
Source T2 column density near max
Next diameter: 300 m!
σ(mv)2 ~ 0.38 eV2
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(B. Monreal and J. Formaggio, PRD 80:051301, 2009)
Radiated power ~ 1 fW
CYCLOTRON RADIATION FROM TRITIUM BETA DECAY
Working on the UW prototype25.5-GHz waveguide cell
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SIGNAL IS A RISING “CHIRP” IN FREQUENCY
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PROJECT 8: A PHASED APPROACH
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25
PROJECT 8 SENSITIVITY
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NEUTRINO MASS LIMITS FROM BETA DECAY
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2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Analysis 2
Planck:
Construction Running
KATRIN:
Phase IProof concept Prototype
Project 8:
NEUTRINO MASS: SOME MILESTONES
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28Stuart Freedman, Steve Elliott, Hamish Robertson. Spanish coast 1992. Photo by John Wilkerson.
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CAPTURE OF RELIC NEUTRINOS
PTOLEMY project
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CAPTURE OF RELIC NEUTRINOS
PTOLEMY project
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PTOLEMY Experimental Layout
32
Tritium Source Disk(Surface Deposition)
High Field Solenoid
Long High Uniformity Solenoid (~2T)
AcceleratingPotential
MAC-E filter(De-accelerating
Potential)
AcceleratingPotential
RF Tracking(38-46 GHz)
Time-of-Flight(De-accelerating
Potential)
CryogenicCalorimeter
(~0.1eV)
Low FieldRegion
e-
E0-18.4keV
0-1keV(~150eV)
E0
E0+30kV
~50-150eVbelow
Endpoint
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PTOLEMY SUMMARY
100 g of tritium (1 MCi) on 12-m diameter disk.
Relic capture rate ~ 10/year without local clustering.
Also presumably able to measure mass, active and sterile.
Transition-edge sensor array to provide basic 0.1-eV resolution.
Tagging with RF cyclotron radiation a la Project 8.
Necessary to understand quantum effects of binding of T2 on surface.
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INPUTS
1. Present laboratory limit 1.8 eV (90% CL) from Mainz and Troitsk experiments on tritium
2. KATRIN experiment under construction.
3. Project 8 in proof-of-concept phase.
4. Cosmological inputs driven by Planck, SPT, ACT, Sloan …
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Planck XVI
WP = WMAP Polarization dataAL = weak lensing parameterτ = optical depth at recombination
“…Planck lensing likelihood favourslarger Σm than the temperature power spectrum.”
FIRST PLANCK ANALYSIS (MARCH 2013)
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(B. Monreal and J. Formaggio, PRD 80:051301, 2009)
CYCLOTRON RADIATION FROM TRITIUM BETA DECAY
25.5-GHz waveguide cell
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NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY
1 sigma
W. Rodejohann, 1206.2560
Depends on mv but not a `direct’ measurement
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ELECTRON CAPTURE HOLMIUM EXPT (ECHO)
187
J.F. Wilkerson
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39J.F. Wilkerson
187
ELECTRON CAPTURE HOLMIUM EXPT (ECHO)
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NEUTRINO MASS PHYSICS IMPACT
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SUMMARY
Direct mass measurements are largely model independent:
• Majorana or Dirac• No nuclear matrix elements• No complex phases• No cosmological degrees of freedom
One experiment in construction (KATRIN); 2015 start.
Three experiments in R&D (Project 8, ECHo, PTOLEMY)