New Directions In Thought & New Directions In Thought & Culture 16Culture 16thth/17/17thth Centuries Centuries
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution
AP EURO : Chap 14AP EURO : Chap 14
Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
Main Themes:Main Themes:1.1. Renaissance & Reformation paved the Renaissance & Reformation paved the
way for “new” science & philosophyway for “new” science & philosophy2.2. Shift fromShift from authoritative truthauthoritative truth toto factual factual
truthtruth
Basic Questions AskedBasic Questions Asked
1. Who am I?1. Who am I?2. What is my purpose in life?2. What is my purpose in life?3. How do faith, reason, and science inter 3. How do faith, reason, and science inter
–relate?–relate?
Basic Questions AskedBasic Questions Asked
4. How can science and laws be applied to 4. How can science and laws be applied to society?society?
5. What is the nature of a 5. What is the nature of a “good“good” society?” society?
The Scientific Revolution …The Scientific Revolution …
Was a period of intellectual transition…Was a period of intellectual transition… Inspired new views of the universeInspired new views of the universeWas a complex movementWas a complex movement
New Knowledge EmergedNew Knowledge Emerged
During 16During 16thth/ 17/ 17thth centuries:centuries:
Medicine, chemistry, Medicine, chemistry, natural history, natural history, philosophy philosophy
& Most notably…& Most notably… Astronomy Astronomy
Ancient vs. Modern Views of the Ancient vs. Modern Views of the UniverseUniverse
What is the earth’s place in the universe?What is the earth’s place in the universe?Where does heaven Where does heaven fit infit in??
The Accepted Model of the The Accepted Model of the UniverseUniverse
““Ptolemaic System” Ptolemaic System” Ptolemy wrote Ptolemy wrote The The
Almagest (150 c.e.)Almagest (150 c.e.) Geo centrismGeo centrism- earth is - earth is
at center of the at center of the universeuniverse
““Concentric SpheresConcentric Spheres” ” above earthabove earth
The “Celestial / Concentric The “Celestial / Concentric Sphere”- AssumptionsSphere”- Assumptions
““Sphere” surrounded the Sphere” surrounded the earthearth
Stars attached to this Stars attached to this spheresphere
Sphere rotated around Sphere rotated around stationary earth every 24 stationary earth every 24 hourshours
Sphere “moved” in Sphere “moved” in westward motion (stars westward motion (stars rise in east, set in west)rise in east, set in west)
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish Polish Priest/AstronomerPriest/Astronomer
Did not believe Earth Did not believe Earth was at the center of was at the center of the universethe universe
Copernicus’ Model of the UniverseCopernicus’ Model of the Universe
Heliocentrism Heliocentrism –– Sun Sun is at the center of the is at the center of the universeuniverse
Challenged Ptolemaic Challenged Ptolemaic modelmodel
Argued that the Argued that the farther the planet from farther the planet from the sun, the longer it the sun, the longer it took to revolve took to revolve around itaround it
CopernicusCopernicus
Wrote:Wrote: On Revolutions of Heavenly On Revolutions of Heavenly SpheresSpheres
Published after his death 1543Published after his death 1543 Theories allowed for others to Theories allowed for others to re-think re-think
views of the universeviews of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus & Nicolaus Copernicus & HeliocentrismHeliocentrism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNGlHzS1s70
Tycho BraheTycho Brahe
Danish 1546-1601Danish 1546-1601 Suggested:Suggested: Mercury & Venus Mercury & Venus
revolved around sun,revolved around sun, But other planets But other planets
revolved around earthrevolved around earth
Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe
Constructed scientific Constructed scientific instruments for instruments for observation of planetsobservation of planets
Compiled large Compiled large amounts of dataamounts of data
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Was Brahe’s Was Brahe’s assistantassistant
German astronomerGerman astronomer Inherited Brahe’s dataInherited Brahe’s data
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Used Copernicus idea Used Copernicus idea of heliocentric of heliocentric universe +universe +
Brahe’s data =Brahe’s data = And Came up with And Came up with
new interpretation of new interpretation of the Universethe Universe
16091609
Published book: Published book: The The New AstronomyNew Astronomy
11. 1. 1stst astronomical astronomical model to portray model to portray motionmotion
2.2. Path of planets as Path of planets as elliptical, not circularelliptical, not circular
3.3. Sun centered Sun centered universeuniverse
Giordano BrunoGiordano Bruno
Dominican Dominican Monk/AstronomerMonk/Astronomer
Born 5 years after Born 5 years after Copernicus diedCopernicus died
Controversial!Controversial!
Giordano Bruno,1584Giordano Bruno,1584
Published two books:Published two books:1. “Cena de la Cenari” –1. “Cena de la Cenari” –defended defended
heliocentric theory of Copernicusheliocentric theory of Copernicus2. De L’infinito , Universo e Mondi 2. De L’infinito , Universo e Mondi
(“On the Infinite Universe and (“On the Infinite Universe and Worlds”) …Worlds”) …
IN :IN :De l’infinito Universo e MondiDe l’infinito Universo e Mondi
He Argued:He Argued:1. Universe is infinite1. Universe is infinite2. Universe contains an infinite number of 2. Universe contains an infinite number of
worldsworlds
That…That…
3. These worlds are 3. These worlds are inhabited by inhabited by intelligent beings!!!!intelligent beings!!!!
Controversial Theories!Controversial Theories!
He gave a lecture at He gave a lecture at Oxford University, Oxford University, EnglandEngland
Faculty was outraged!Faculty was outraged!
He Was Kicked outHe Was Kicked out
Of Germany and Of Germany and FranceFrance
1591 accepted 1591 accepted invitation to live in invitation to live in Venice, ItalyVenice, Italy
However…However…
Arrested by the Inquisition!Arrested by the Inquisition!
Investigated, Sent to trial 1592Investigated, Sent to trial 1592Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated
periodicallyperiodicallyRefused to recant (take back) heretical Refused to recant (take back) heretical
statements regarding the universestatements regarding the universe
Death of BrunoDeath of Bruno
Declared a hereticDeclared a heretic Burned at the stake Burned at the stake His file is missing His file is missing
from recordsfrom records
Bruno; A True Astronomer?Bruno; A True Astronomer?
Scientists like Kepler & Galileo were NOT Scientists like Kepler & Galileo were NOT sympathetic to Giordano Bruno in their sympathetic to Giordano Bruno in their writingswritings
Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642)Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642)
Mathematician, Mathematician, “instrument maker”, & “instrument maker”, & astronomerastronomer
1588-1592 Professor 1588-1592 Professor of Mathematics of Mathematics University of PisaUniversity of Pisa
1592 – Dept. Chair, 1592 – Dept. Chair, Mathematics. Mathematics. University of PaduaUniversity of Padua
Galileo’s AchievementsGalileo’s Achievements
1.1. Perfected Dutch Perfected Dutch TelescopeTelescope
First used it 1609First used it 1609
Galileo’s AchievementsGalileo’s Achievements
2.2. Discovered Sunspots Discovered Sunspots 3.3. Discovered moons Discovered moons
around Jupiteraround Jupiter
-named them after Medicis -named them after Medicis “Medicea Sidera”“Medicea Sidera” (Medician Stars)(Medician Stars)
- Name later changed to: - Name later changed to: Io, Io, Europa, Ganymede,Europa, Ganymede, CallistoCallisto
Galileo’s AchievementsGalileo’s Achievements
4. Wrote : 4. Wrote : Starry Starry Messenger (1610)Messenger (1610)
Argued:Argued: Copernican view of Copernican view of
the Universethe Universe Universe subject to Universe subject to
mathematical lawsmathematical laws
IN 1616IN 1616
A committee of consultants declared to the A committee of consultants declared to the inquisition inquisition
That the heliocentric theory of the universe That the heliocentric theory of the universe waswas
““absurd in philosophy and formally absurd in philosophy and formally heretical”heretical”
IN1623 His AcquaintanceIN1623 His Acquaintance
Became Pope Urban Became Pope Urban VIIIVIII
Gave Galileo Gave Galileo permission to resume permission to resume discussion regarding discussion regarding Copernican systemCopernican system
As long as he treated As long as he treated topic as topic as theory/hypothesis theory/hypothesis
And not TRUTHAnd not TRUTH
Galileo’s “Mistake”Galileo’s “Mistake”
1632 published :1632 published : ““Dialogue on the 2 Chief Dialogue on the 2 Chief
World Systems”World Systems” Featured 2 charactersFeatured 2 characters:: A “dumb” character A “dumb” character
(favored geocentric (favored geocentric model) &model) &
A “ smart” character A “ smart” character (favored heliocentric (favored heliocentric model)model)
Problem?Problem?
Pope Urban VIII thoughtPope Urban VIII thoughtGalileo was mocking him, and took Galileo was mocking him, and took
personal offense!personal offense!1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the 1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the
InquisitionInquisition
GalileoGalileo
Imprisoned in 1633Imprisoned in 1633 Refused to recant his Refused to recant his
theoriestheories Found guiltyFound guilty Punishment:Punishment: House ArrestHouse Arrest Books were bannedBooks were banned
Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II
Formally pardoned Galileo in 1992!!Formally pardoned Galileo in 1992!!
Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton
English Mathematician 1642-1727English Mathematician 1642-1727Believed in Believed in Empiricism: one must observe Empiricism: one must observe
phenomena before attempting to explain phenomena before attempting to explain themthem
1687 Published his Book1687 Published his Book
Principia Matematica Principia Matematica Mathematical Mathematical
Principles of Natural Principles of Natural PhilosophyPhilosophy
Proved that Motion Proved that Motion could be timed and could be timed and measuredmeasured
Synthesized or CombinedSynthesized or Combined
Kepler’s laws of Kepler’s laws of motion for the motion for the heavenly bodies heavenly bodies && Galileo’s laws of Galileo’s laws of motion for things on motion for things on earth.earth.
Newton’s AccomplishmentsNewton’s Accomplishments
1.He explained how the universe works 1.He explained how the universe works through mathematics.through mathematics.
2. Planets & Physical objects in the 2. Planets & Physical objects in the universe move through “mutual attraction: universe move through “mutual attraction: or “gravity”or “gravity”
Newton’s AccomplishmentsNewton’s Accomplishments
3. Laid the foundations for differential and 3. Laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus.integral calculus.
4. Established universal laws of motion & 4. Established universal laws of motion & gravitygravity
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Father of Scientific Father of Scientific Method or EmpiricismMethod or Empiricism
Believed that: Believed that: Investigation + Investigation + evidence lead to truthevidence lead to truth
empiricism empiricism became became popular after Isaac popular after Isaac Newton used methodNewton used method
Inductive Method.Inductive Method.
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Relied on Relied on “ Rational “ Rational deduction”deduction” instead instead of of empiricism/inductive empiricism/inductive methodmethod
Originally a Originally a mathematician mathematician invented analytic invented analytic geometrygeometry
1637- Descartes Wrote1637- Descartes Wrote
Wrote: Wrote: Discourse of Discourse of MethodMethod
Asked the following questions:
How can I prove How can I prove God’s existence?God’s existence?
How can I prove my How can I prove my own existence?own existence?
Through Rational Through Rational Deduction!Deduction!
1637 1637 Discourse of MethodDiscourse of Method
-Descartes doubted everything except the -Descartes doubted everything except the following-following-
Two Categories of Existing Things :Two Categories of Existing Things : thinking things, things that occupy spacethinking things, things that occupy space
He could not doubt his own act of thinkingHe could not doubt his own act of thinking
Conclusion: “ I think, therefore I Conclusion: “ I think, therefore I am”am”
“Cogito ergo sum” I exist because I think… therefore, God exists. therefore, God exists. God is the only perfect being.God is the only perfect being.
Medicine Also relied on Ancient Medicine Also relied on Ancient Texts!Texts!
Galen 2Galen 2ndnd century century contemporary of contemporary of Ptolemy encouraged Ptolemy encouraged the belief ofthe belief of
Four Bodily humors: Four Bodily humors: blood, phlegm, yellow blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bilebile, black bile
New Concepts in MedicineNew Concepts in Medicine
1. Andreas 1. Andreas VesaliusVesalius ( Flemish, 1543) : ( Flemish, 1543) : Founder of biological science. Dissected & Founder of biological science. Dissected & Studied cadavers.Studied cadavers.
2. 2. William HarveyWilliam Harvey (English,1628): (English,1628): Accurately explained blood circulationAccurately explained blood circulation
Political PhilosophersPolitical Philosophers
1. 1. Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes (1588-1679): (1588-1679): Leviathon (1651) Leviathon (1651)
Humans are inherently evil, greedy, Humans are inherently evil, greedy, materialistic, egotistical and therefore…materialistic, egotistical and therefore…
need harsh absolute ruler & harsh need harsh absolute ruler & harsh punishments.punishments.
Political PhilosophersPolitical Philosophers
2. 2. John LockeJohn Locke (1632-1704) : Most (1632-1704) : Most influential of 17influential of 17thth century. century.
First /Second Treatise of Government First /Second Treatise of Government (1690)(1690)
Government ‘s duty : to preserve rights, Government ‘s duty : to preserve rights, liberty, & property of people.liberty, & property of people.
If A government fails, people have the If A government fails, people have the right to overthrowright to overthrow
Critical of Hobbes Critical of Hobbes
““The Sleep of Reason Produces The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters”Monsters”
Can you summarize Can you summarize the meaning of this the meaning of this engraving?engraving?
Superstition In the Age of New Superstition In the Age of New ScienceScience
By 1700 “elite” intellectuals believed that By 1700 “elite” intellectuals believed that magic, witchcraft, and astrology was the magic, witchcraft, and astrology was the concern of “common people”concern of “common people”
Prior to scientific revolution, wealthy and Prior to scientific revolution, wealthy and poor shared similar beliefs regardless of poor shared similar beliefs regardless of religion.religion.
1616thth & 17 & 17thth Century Century
Witnessed intense Witnessed intense witch hunt witch hunt persecutionspersecutions
Between 1400-1700 Between 1400-1700 estimated 100,000 estimated 100,000 people sentenced to people sentenced to death in Europedeath in Europe
Accused of WitchcraftAccused of Witchcraft
What Exactly is a “Witch”?What Exactly is a “Witch”?
1486 1486 The Malleus Maleficarum (The The Malleus Maleficarum (The Witche’s Hammer) Witche’s Hammer) is publishedis published
A handbook how to identify, interrogate, A handbook how to identify, interrogate, convict witchesconvict witches
Alleged “Witches”Alleged “Witches”
1. 80% were women: 1. 80% were women: Mostly single, over 40 Mostly single, over 40 years old.years old.
2. Most were from the 2. Most were from the poorest villagespoorest villages
3. “They went against the 3. “They went against the grain”grain”
4. They had “suspect 4. They had “suspect markings”markings”
5.” Made pacts “ with the 5.” Made pacts “ with the devildevil
What is “Magic”?What is “Magic”?
2 Types In early 2 Types In early modern Europe :modern Europe :
““White Magic”White Magic” – – healing, fortune tellinghealing, fortune telling
““Black Magic”Black Magic” – used – used evil powers to curse evil powers to curse or manipulate or manipulate people/objectspeople/objects
By the 16By the 16thth Century, Century,
Women associated Women associated with witchcraft with witchcraft because…because…
Women were Women were perceived as the perceived as the “weaker vessel”“weaker vessel”
More quick to give More quick to give into temptationinto temptation
““Witch Road”Witch Road”
Ironically, the worst Ironically, the worst persecutions occurred persecutions occurred in Italy, Belgium, in Italy, Belgium, Germany, Germany, Switzerland.Switzerland.
Central portion of Central portion of European mapEuropean map
Statistics: Witches Burned at the Statistics: Witches Burned at the StakeStake
Baden, GermanyBaden, Germany:: 200200 (1627-1630). More (1627-1630). More than all who were convicted in Sweden.than all who were convicted in Sweden.
Ellwangen, GermanyEllwangen, Germany: : 393393 (1611-1618). (1611-1618). More than Spain & Portugal combined.More than Spain & Portugal combined.Wurzburg, GermanyWurzburg, Germany:: 600600 (1628-1630) More (1628-1630) More
than in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland than in Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland combined.combined.
What can we gather from these statistics What can we gather from these statistics regarding social and political issues in the regarding social and political issues in the German Provinces between 1611-1630?German Provinces between 1611-1630?
Statistics: Witches Burned at the Statistics: Witches Burned at the StakeStake
Swiss Canton of Vaud: 1,800 (1611-1660)Swiss Canton of Vaud: 1,800 (1611-1660)More than Scotland (1,300)More than Scotland (1,300)More than England (500)More than England (500)
Why 1611-1630?Why 1611-1630?
Witch hunts Coincide With the Thirty Witch hunts Coincide With the Thirty Years War (1618-1648Years War (1618-1648) !) !
Most destructive war of religionMost destructive war of religionGermany was fragmented politicallyGermany was fragmented politicallyLocation:Location: Holy Roman Empire (German Holy Roman Empire (German
provinces, Italy, ) + Swedish Danish periodprovinces, Italy, ) + Swedish Danish period
Decline of Witch Trials In EuropeDecline of Witch Trials In Europe
Witch hunts outlawed inWitch hunts outlawed in1682 in France1682 in France1736 in England – (1684 last witch 1736 in England – (1684 last witch
executed)executed)1722 Scotland1722 Scotland
End of Witch HuntsEnd of Witch Hunts
1. Emergence of 1. Emergence of scientific point of viewscientific point of view
2. Advances in 2. Advances in medicinemedicine
3. Sense of Security3. Sense of Security 4. Witch hunts got out 4. Witch hunts got out
of hand!of hand!