Transcript
Page 1: New Laboratory model for studying experimental fasciolopsiosispublication.nhmus.hu/pdf/misczool/Miscnea_zool_hung_1989... · 2011. 4. 13. · 1 000 metacercaria e each, and they served

Laboratory model for studying experimental fasciolopsiosis

B y

O. SEY (Received September 12, 1988)

A B S T R A C T . E g g s o f F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f f a s c i o ­l o p s i o s i s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m feces o f a r t i f i c i a l l y i n f e c t e d p i g by s e v e r a l s i e v ­i n g and w a s h i n g . E m b r y o n i c d e v e l o p m e n t , l a s t e d 15 days at 30°C and h a t c h i n g o f m i r a c i d i a was s t i m u l a t e d by l o w e n e r g y o f l i g h t . I n t e r m e d i a t e h o s t , S e g m e n t i n a h e m i s p h a e r u l a p r o v e d t o be s u s c e p t i b l e and the t a k e v a r i e d b e t w e e n 25 and 46 p e r c e n t . I n t r a m u l l u s c a n d e v e l o p m e n t l a s t e d 60 days pos t i n f e c t i o n a t r o o m t e m p e r a ­t u r e . P répa ien t p e r i o d was 5 0 - 6 5 d a y s , peak o f e g g - p r o d u c t i o n b e t w e e n 9 0 - 1 2 0 d a y s (.3 0 0 0 - 4 500 E P G ) and l a t e r i t d e c r e a s e d g r a d u a l l y .

K E Y W O R D S : F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i ( T r e m a t o d a ) , l i f e c y c l e , S e g m e n t i n a h e m i s p h a e ­r u l a ( M o l l u s c a )

F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i ( L a n k e s t e r , 1857) , the g i a n t i n t e s t i n a l f l u k e , i s a p a r a s i t e o f m a n and h o g i n s e v e r a l Sou th - and S o u t h - E a s t A s i a n c o u n t r i e s . W h i l e p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n has been p a i d t o f a s c i o l o p s i o s i s o f m a n i n the e n d e m i c a r e a s , f a s c i o l o p s i o s i s o f p i g s , h o w e v e r , had a r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e r o o m f o r e x a m i n a t i o n s . T h o s e e x a m i n a t i o n s , d e a l i n g w i t h the l i f e - c y ­c l e o f t h i s f l u k e , have u s u a l l y u s e d m e t a c e r c a r i a e , d e r i v e d f r o m n a t u r a l l y i n f e c t e d s n a i l s . T h u s , s e v e r a l m e t h o d o l o g i c a l d e t a i l s w e r e l e f t ou t o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w h i c h a r e n e c e s s a r y t o p r o p a g a t e m e t a c e r c a r i a e i n a p p r o p r i a t e t i m e and q u a l i t y f o r a r t i f i c i a l i n f e s t a t i o n s .

T h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h l a b o r a t o r y o b s e r v a t i o n s on the c o m p l e t e l i f e - c y ­c l e o f t h i s f l u k e .

M A T E R I A L A N D M E T H O D S

T h e o r i g i n a l s t o c k o f m e t a c e r c a r i a e o f F . b u s k i and t h a t o f the i n t e r m e d i a t e s n a i l h o s t s ( S e g m e n t i n a h e m i s p h a e r u l a O . F . M ü l l e r , 1774) w e r e c o l l e c t e d by the a u t h o r d u r ­i n g h i s v i s i t i n V i e t n a m , H a n o i d i s t r i c t . T h r e e p i g l e t s , t w o m o n t h s o l d , w e r e i n f e c t e d w i t h 1 000 m e t a c e r c a r i a e e a c h , and t h e y s e r v e d as d o n o r s f o r f u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n s .

E g g s w e r e r e c o v e r e d f r o m the f r e s h feces by d i l u t i o n w i t h w a t e r ( 1 : 4) and by s u b s e ­q u e n t s i e v i n g . T h e p o r e a p e r t u r e o f the l a s t s i e v e w a s no t m o r e t h a n 0 . 0 4 m m . T h e m a t e r i ­a l r e t a i n e d i n the s i e v e w a s w a s h e d w i t h w a t e r i n t o P e t r i d i s h e s . E g g s w e r e i n c u b a t e d i n t h e r m o s t a t e at 30°C.

R e g u l a r a q u a r i a o f 3 t o 5 l i t e r s c a p a c i t y , p r o v i d e d w i t h a i r a t i o n , w e r e u s e d f o r b r e e d ­i n g and h o l d i n g the s n a i l s . D e c h l o r i n a t e d t ap w a t e r was a p p l i e d , i t w a s c h a n g e d t w i c e a w e e k . N e w l y h a t d h e d s n a i l s w e r e fed on g r e e n a l g a e , c u l t i v a t e d s e p a r a t e l y ; o l d e r ones w e r e fed on f r e s h o r b o i l e d and d r i e d l e t t u c e .

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R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N

E m b r y o n i c d e v e l o p m e n t

T h e eggs a r e l i g h t y e l l o w i s h - b r o w n i n c o l o r . M e a s u r e m e n t s o f eggs a r e 0. 1 2 - 0 . 14 m m i n l e n g t h and 0. 0 7 - 0 . 09 m m i n w i d t h .

F r e s h l y l a i d eggs u s u a l l y c o n t a i n z y g o t e o r b l a s t u l e o f a few c e l l s . A t f i r s t , the d e v e l ­o p m e n t i s r a t h e r s l o w but l a t e r i t b e c o m e s m o r e r a p i d . D u r i n g i n c u b a t i o n at 30°C no s i g n i f i ­c a n t change c a n be o b s e r v e d i n the f i r s t 5 -6 d a y s , e x c e p t f o r the g r o w t h o f the e m b r y o and i t s o v a l e l o n g a t i o n . W i t h the g r o w t h o f the e m b r y o , the v i t e l l i n e c e l l s g r a d u a l l y d e c r e a s e i n n u m b e r and the p l a c e o f the v i t e l l i n e c e l l s e m b r a c i n g the e m b r y o i s now o c c u p i e d by b i g v a c u o l e s . O n the 10th a n d 12th days the e m b r y o r e a c h e s a s i z e of 120- 150 ^um a n d s e e m s to be c a p a b l e o f h a t c h i n g . I n f a c t , h o w e v e r , h i t c h i n g b e g i n s o n l y l a t e r , as t he m i r a c i d i a has b e c o m e c a p a b l e o f h a t c h i n g n o t o n l y m o r p h o l o g i c a l l y bu t a l s o p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y . H a t c h i n g o f m i r a c i d i a u s u a l l y b e g i n s on t h e 13th day and c o n t i n u e s on the f o l l o w i n g one o r t w o d a y s . H a t c h i n g i s s t i m u l a t e d b y a r t i f i c i a l i l l u m i n a t i o n .

M i r a c i d i a

T h e h a t c h e d and f r e e - s w i m m i n g m i r a c i d i u m i s f u s i f o r m w i t h an X - s h a p e d eye-spo t , , c o v e r e d w i t h c i l i a ; an a n i m a l c u l e i s 150- 190 , u m i n l e n g t h and 4 0 - 5 0 j u m i n w i d t h . T h e body o f m i r a c i d i a i s c o v e r e d w i t h f l a t e p i d e r m a l c e l l s i n f i y e t r a n s v e r s e r o w s , a c c o r d i n g t o the f o r m u l a 6 : 6 : 6 : 6 : 6 . T h e l i f e - s p a n o f m i r a c i d i a k e p t i n t a p w a t e r at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e was 1 0 - 1 2 h o u r s bu t t h e i r i n f e c t i v i t y w a s l i m i t e d to the f i r s t t h r e e h o u r s o n l y .

I n t e r m e d i a t e s n a i l h o s t

S e v e r a l s e t s of i n f e c t i o n s w e r e p e r f o r m e d w i t h y o u n g (2-3 w e e k s o l d , 3 -4 m m i n d i a ­m e t e r ) s n a i l s , S. h e m i s p h a e r u l a , a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e ( 2 0 - 2 2 ° C ) . E i g h t - t e n m i r a c i d i a were a d d e d t o s n a i l s k e p t i n w a t e r i n d i v i d u a l l y i n the h o l l o w s o f a m i c r o t i t e r p l a s t i c p l a t e . T h e t a k e v a r i e d b e t w e e n 2 5 and 46 p e r c e n t . A t o t a l o f 40 s n a i l s o f the s a m e age w e r e c u l t i v a t e d i n an a q u a r i u m t o d e t e c t t h e i r e g g - p r o d u c i n g c a p a c i t y . T h e y p r o d u c e d an a v e r a g e o f 0. 4 egg m a s s e s p e r d a y . A c o u n t o f 12 3 egg c l u t h e s s h o w e d t h a t the a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f eggs i n an egg m a s s i s 1 1 - 1 2 . A c c o r d i n g l y , e ach s n a i l p r o d u c e d 5 -6 eggs p e r day on a v e r a g e . T h e i n c u b a ­t i o n p e r i o d o f eggs v a r i e d f r o m 5 t o 7 d a y s , the h a t c h i n g r a t e v a r i e d f r o m 93 t o 1 0 0 % . T h e y m a t u r e d i n 2 5- 30 days a f t e r h a t c h i n g , w h e n the s h e l l d i a m e t e r was 3 -4 m m . D e p o s i t i o n o f the eggs l a s t e d u p to t h r e e m o n t h s o r so . B y t h i s t i m e 8 0 % o f the i n i t i a l s u m o f s n a i l s d i e d .

I n t r a m o l l u s o a n l a r v a l s t ages

A f t e r p e n e t r a t i o n , the i n v a d i n g m i r a c i d i a m e t a m o r p h o s e i n t o s p o r o c y s t . T h e y g r o w r a p ­i d l y u n t i l t h e y r e a c h an a v e r a g e s i z e o f 40,0 by 110^um. T h e r e d i a e , f o r m e d w i t h i n the s p o r o ­c y s t , l i b e r a t e by t h e i r r u p t u r e , i n the l y m p h a t i c s p a c e s . T h e r e d i a e have a l a r g e d i g e s t i v e t r a c t w i t h a p h a r y n x , b i r t h p o r e and l o c o m o t o r a p p e n d a g e s . R e d i a e can be f u l l y d e v e l o p e d w i t h i n 3 2 - 3 5 days a f t e " i n f e c t i o n . F i r s t c e r c a r i a e w e r e l i b e r a t e d on the 35 th day a f t e r i n f e c ­t i o n . N e w b o r n c e r c a r i a e a r e p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d and m i g r a t e s l o w l y to the h e p a t o p a n c r e a s o f the s n a i l w h e r e the g r o w t h o f t h e i r o r g a n s c o n t i n u e s and t h e y m a t u r e e v e n t u a l l y . T h e f i r s t c e r c a r i a e e m e r g e d on the 60 th day a f t e r i n f e c t i o n . M e t a c e r c a r i a e a r e w h i t i s h i n c o l o r , v i g ­o r o u s l y s w i m m i n g o r g a n i s m s . W h e n t h e y w e r e k i l l e d i n h o t w a t e r , t h e i r body w a s s o m e w h a t s p e a r s h a p e d o r o v a l , m e a s u r i n g 1 8 0 - 1 9 5 b y 1 5 0 - 1 58 j j m w h i l e the t a i l w a s 4 9 0 - 5 2 0 by 52-59

j U m . T h e e m e r g e n c e o f c e r c a r i a e was o b s e r v e d i n the a r e a w h i c h i s c o n t i g u o u s w i t h the anus o f the s n a i l . A t t h i s p o i n t a t e a t - l i k e a p p e a r a n c e c a n be seen and the c e r c a r i a e e x t r u d e d w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r c e d u r i n g t he p r o c e s s e . E m e r g e n c e o f c e r c a r i a e s h o w e d an i n t e r e s t i n g pe­r i o d i c i t y . I t t o o k p l a c e i n t he e v e n i n g and n i g h t h o u r s ( e m e r g e n c e began f r o m 10 p . m . and c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h n i g h t up t o 6-7 a. m . A l m o s t f i f t y p e r c e n t o f the c e r c a r i a e e m e r g e d be ­t w e e n m i d n i g h t and 2 a. m . A f t e r the e m e r g e n c e , c e r c a r i a e s w i m a w a y f r o m the s n a i l and t h e y b e g i n t o e n c y s t s o o n on the s u r f a c e a r e a s o f the c o n t a i n e r . F o r t he p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e , a s h e e t o f c e l l o f a n e b e i n g pu t on the w a t e r s u r f a c e p r o v e d t o be the bes t m e t a c e r c a r i a l t r a p . M e t a c e r c a r i a e a r e s p h e r i c a l and have a d i a m e t e r o f 130- 1 4 0 v u m . T h e w a l l o f t he c y s t i s t h i n (7 j i m ) and t h u s the m e t a c e r c a r i a e a r e l e s s r e s i s t a n t t o d r y n e s s . T h r o u g h the c y s t - w a l l the

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e x c r e t o r y b l a d d e r a n d d u c t s , f i l l e d w i t h g r a n u l e s , a r e e a s i l y seen. T h e l i f e - s p a n of m e t a ­c e r c a r i a e w a s 70 days at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e and i n m o i s t u r e ( N G U Y E N T H I L E E and S E Y , 1985) bu t t h e i r i n f e c t i v i t y c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e d a f t e r 45 d a y s .

D e v e l o p m e n t i n d e f i n i t i v e hos t s

O u r e x a m i n a t i o n s e m b r a c e d t h r e e p i g s and t e n r a b b i t s as d e f i n i t i v e h o s t s . T h e y w e r e fed on the m e t a c e r c a r i a e i n g e l a t i n e c a p s u l e w i t h the a p p r o p r i a t e n u m b e r o f m e t a c e r c a r i a e (p igs - 500 , r a b b i t s - 200 each ) . A l l e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s b e c a m e i n f e c t e d . R a b b i t s w e r e s a c r i f i c e d i n e v e r y t w o m o n t h s . I t w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t the f l u k e d i d not s u r v i v e the i n f e c t i o n i n r a b b i t s a f t e r n i n e t y f i v e d a y s . I n t h i s age f l u k e s w e r e 1 5 - 1 7 m m i n l e n g t h h a v i n g no e g g s . A c c o r d i n g l y , r a b b i t s d i d no t s e e m t o be m o d e l a n i m a l s i n a s t u d y o f e x p e r i m e n t a l f a s c i o l o p ­s i o s i s . W U (1937) a n d r e c e n t l y M A L V I Y A (1985) , h o w e v e r , d e m o n s t r a t e d , t h a t F . b u s k i c a n r e a c h i t s m a t u r i t y i n r a b b i t , as s o m e o f t h e s e f l u k e s c o n t a i n e d eggs , bu t t h e y d i d not t e s t w h e t h e r t hese eggs w e r e r e a l l y f e r t i l e o r n o t . O u r o b s e r v a t i o n s on the d e v e l o p m e n t of F . b u s k i i n p i g w e r e s i m i l a r t o those p r e s e n t e d by B A R L O W ( 1 9 2 5 ) , N A K A G A W A (1921) , N Ä -K A G A W A and S U Z U K I (1923) , Y O U N G ( 1 9 3 6 ) , T R I P A T H I e t a l . (19731 and N G U Y E N T H I L E and S E Y (1985) . T h e f i r s t eggs w e r e d i s c h a r g e d i n 50- 65 d a y s a f t e r i n f e c t i o n , bu t the g r e a t ­es t n u m b e r o f eggs (3 0 0 0 - 4 500 E P G ) w a s l a y e d i n 9 0 - 120 days o l d i n f e c t i o n and as t i m e p a s s e d , t he d a i l y e g g - p r o d u c t i o n c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e d . W h e n the l a s t d o n o r was s a c r i f i c ­ed 370 days a f t e r i n f e c t i o n , the t ake w a s 15 p e r cen t and a few n u m b e r o f eggs w e r e found i n the u t e r u s .

R E F E R E N C E S

B A R L O W , C . H . ( 1 9 2 5 ) : T h e l i f e c y c l e o f h u m a n i n t e s t i n a l f l u k e F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i ( L a n k e s -t e r , 1856) . - A m e r . J . H y g . M o n o g r . S e r . , 4 : 1-98.

M A L V I Y A , H . C. ( 1 9 8 5 ) : T h e s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f m a m m a l s t o F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i . - J . H e l m i n -t h o l . , 59: 1 9 - 2 2 .

N A K A G A W A , K . ( 1 9 2 1 ) : O n the l i f e c y c l e o f F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i , L a n k e s t e r . - K i t . A r c h . E x -p e r . M e d . , 4 : 1 6 0 - 167.

N A K A G A W A , K . and S U Z U K I , S. (1923) : I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t he l i f e - h i s t o r y o f F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i ( s econd r e p o r t ) . - J . M e d . A s s o c . F o r m o s a , 22: 2 2 8 - 2 3 2 .

N G U Y E N T H I L E and S E Y , O . (1985) : I n f e c t i v i t y o f m e t a c e r c a r i a e o f F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i ( L a n k e s t e r , 1857) and t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t i n d e f i n i t i v e h o s t . - P a r a s i t , h u n g . , 18: 1 1 - 1 5 .

T R I P A T H I , J . C . , S R I V A S T A V A , H . D . a n d D U T T , S. C. (1973) : A note on e x p e r i m e n t a l i n ­f e c t i o n o f H e l i c o r b i s coenosus a n d p i g w i t h F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i . - I n d i a n J . A n i m . S e i . , 4 3 : 6 4 7 - 6 4 9 .

Y O U N G , S. ( 1936 ) : S t u d i e s on the f i n a l h o s t o f F a s c i o l o p s i s b u s k i and i t s d e v e l o p m e n t i n the i n t e s t i n e o f the p i g . - J . Shangha i S e i . I n s t . , 4 : 2 2 5 - 2 3 6 .

W U , K . (1937) : S u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f v a r i o u s m a m m a l s to e x p e r i m e n t a l i n f e c t i o n w i t h F a s c i o l o p ­s i s b u s k i ( T r e m a t o d a : F a s c i o l i d a e ) . - A n n . T r o p . M e d . P a r a s i t . , 3 1 : 3 6 1 - 3 6 9 .

A u t h o r ' s a d d r e s s : D r . Ottó S E Y D e p a r t m e n t of Z o o l o g y U n i v e r s i t y of A g r i c u l t u r a l S c i e n c e s , K e s z t h e l y , Deák F e r e n c u . 16. H - 8 3 6 1 K e s z t h e l y H U N G A R Y


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