New Technologies for Challenging New Technologies for Challenging Situations – Perennial and Nursery Situations – Perennial and Nursery
Crops in CaliforniaCrops in California
S. Schneider, T. Trout, J. GerikS. Schneider, T. Trout, J. GerikUSDA ARS, Parlier, CAUSDA ARS, Parlier, CA
H. Ajwa, B. WesterdahlH. Ajwa, B. WesterdahlU C, DavisU C, Davis
Challenging SituationsChallenging Situations Field Nursery CropsField Nursery Crops
• strict nematode control strict nematode control regulations in Californiaregulations in California
• efficacy needed to 150 cmefficacy needed to 150 cm
• crop rescue if nematode crop rescue if nematode management failsmanagement fails
Challenging SituationsChallenging Situations Perennial Crop ReplantPerennial Crop Replant
• roots from previous crop can roots from previous crop can harbor nematodes deep in the harbor nematodes deep in the soilsoil
• management is needed for more management is needed for more than one seasonthan one season
• ““minor” failures compound over minor” failures compound over the life of the vineyard or orchardthe life of the vineyard or orchard
Challenging SituationsChallenging SituationsOrnamental CropsOrnamental Crops
• diversity of cropping systemsdiversity of cropping systems– 145 crops/grower at one time145 crops/grower at one time
• short cropping cycleshort cropping cycle– residual activity of pesticidesresidual activity of pesticides
• proximity to urban areasproximity to urban areas
Common IssuesCommon Issues
diversity of soil typesdiversity of soil types diversity of climatesdiversity of climates diversity of pests & pathogensdiversity of pests & pathogens dependence on methyl bromidedependence on methyl bromide
Potential SolutionsPotential Solutions new materials new materials new application technologies new application technologies rescue technologiesrescue technologies site-specific managementsite-specific management innovative combinations of all innovative combinations of all
tools availabletools available
New MaterialsNew Materials
covered previously by Dr. covered previously by Dr. Rodriquez-KabanaRodriquez-Kabana
Performance in perennial, Performance in perennial, nursery, and ornamental nursery, and ornamental systems will be presentedsystems will be presented
Application TechnologiesApplication Technologies Drip Irrigation Systems as a delivery Drip Irrigation Systems as a delivery
vehicle for fumigantsvehicle for fumigants• closed systemclosed system• use water to move emulsified materialsuse water to move emulsified materials• adapt to distribution pattern neededadapt to distribution pattern needed
– bed vs. broadcastbed vs. broadcast– shallow vs. deepshallow vs. deep
• post-plant applications of supplemental post-plant applications of supplemental materialsmaterials
Optimization of Drip Optimization of Drip FumigationFumigation
Optimization of Drip Optimization of Drip FumigationFumigation
application rate; minimum efficacious rate for application rate; minimum efficacious rate for drip fumigation vs. shank injectiondrip fumigation vs. shank injection
amount of irrigation water needed for optimum amount of irrigation water needed for optimum distribution of fumigants in various soils distribution of fumigants in various soils
drip tape configurations (emitter discharge drip tape configurations (emitter discharge rate, emitter spacing, and drip tape spacing)rate, emitter spacing, and drip tape spacing)
combination of fumigants at reduced ratescombination of fumigants at reduced rates impermeable film (VIF) vs standard PE mulchimpermeable film (VIF) vs standard PE mulch pre-irrigation, initial soil water contentpre-irrigation, initial soil water content
Dr. Husein AjwaDr. Husein AjwaDr. Husein AjwaDr. Husein Ajwa
Drip Application EquipmentDrip Application EquipmentDrip Application EquipmentDrip Application Equipment
Flow meter
Static mixer
Injection port Water
meter
Nitrogencylinder
Micro gas chromatograph with a multi-port sampling valve
Micro gas chromatograph with a multi-port sampling valve
InLine (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin)
InLine (1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin)
Monitor 1,3-D distribution in soil when applied in different amounts of irrigation water (26, 43, & 61 mm)
Monitor 1,3-D distribution when applied under standard PE mulch and VIF
Bed Drip FumigationBed Drip FumigationBed Drip Fumigation
Drip Tape0 cm
30 cm
De
pth
(cm
)
10
20
30
40
50
60
250
750
500
1 250
1 000
1 500
500
1 500
1 000
2 000
2 500
500
1 000
1 500
2 000
2 500
3 000
1,3-D concen tration (g L-1 air) in the gaseo us phase of W atsonville sandy lo am soil 24 h rs a fter drip app lication
0 30 cm0 30 cm0 30 cm
26 m m w ater 43 m m w ater 61 m m w ater
Dep
th (
cm
)
10
20
30
40
50
60
200
100
300
400
600
500
800700
400
200
800
600
1000
1200
1400
1,3-D concentration (g L-1 air) in the gaseous phase of Watsonville sandy loam soil 24 hrs after drip application
0 30 cm0 30 cm
Standard film Impermeable film
Metam Sodium (MITC)Metam Sodium (MITC)
Monitor MITC distribution in soil when applied as metam sodium using three different drip tape flow rates:
low, < 0.34 gpm/100 ft
med, 0.67 gpm/100 ft
high, > 1.00 gpm/100 ft
0D
ep
th (
cm
)
10
20
30
40
50
60
100
200
300
400500
400
40 cm
200
300
400
300200
800600400
MITC concentration (g L-1 air) in the gaseous phase
of Parlier sandy loam soil 8 hrs after drip application
Low flow drip tape
0 40 cm 0 40 cm
Med flow drip tape High flow drip tape
Recommendations for drip Recommendations for drip fumigationfumigation
Recommendations for drip Recommendations for drip fumigationfumigation
To achieve greater fumigant distributionTo achieve greater fumigant distributionuniformity:uniformity: increase the amount of irrigation waterincrease the amount of irrigation water
1.5-2 inches for loam and sandy loam soils1.5-2 inches for loam and sandy loam soils2-2.5 inches for loamy sand and sandy soils2-2.5 inches for loamy sand and sandy soils
use medium flow rate drip tape (soil type?) use medium flow rate drip tape (soil type?) 0.5-.67 gpm/100 ft for sandy loamy soils0.5-.67 gpm/100 ft for sandy loamy soils
use impermeable filmuse impermeable film if it is available or affordableif it is available or affordable
Field TrialsField TrialsField TrialsField Trials
RoseRose
Vineyard Replant – 3+ Vineyard Replant – 3+ years after years after treatment
Vineyard Replant – 3+ Vineyard Replant – 3+ years after years after treatment
Grape NurseryGrape Nursery
Grapevine Nursery Grapevine Nursery Trial - 2001Trial - 2001
makes it “mandatory that nursery makes it “mandatory that nursery stock for farm planting be stock for farm planting be commercially clean with respect to commercially clean with respect to economically important economically important nematodes”. nematodes”.
The California Code of RegulationsThe California Code of Regulations
Experimental DesignExperimental Design
85-year-old nematode-85-year-old nematode-infested Thompson Seedless infested Thompson Seedless vineyard vineyard
11 treatments11 treatments5 replications5 replications
TreatmentsTreatments Untreated Control Methyl Bromide (448 kg/ha), Treated Control Shank Iodomethane + Pic (224 +224 kg/ha) Shank Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha) Drip Iodomethane + Pic (224 +224 kg/ha), water cap Drip Propargyl Bromide (202 kg/ha), water cap Drip InLine (468 L/ha))
• Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) capMetam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Drip Pic (Drip Pic (448 kg/ha))
• Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) capMetam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Drip Azide (336Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), tarped), tarped Drip Azide (336Drip Azide (336 kg/ha), water cap), water cap Microspray Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/haMicrospray Metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha))
Shanked TreatmentsShanked Treatments
Shanks – 45 cm deepShanks – 45 cm deep Shanks – 1.8m apartShanks – 1.8m apart tarpedtarped
Drip TreatmentsDrip Treatments
BroadcastBroadcast Drip tapeDrip tape
25 cm deep25 cm deep 60 cm apart60 cm apartMedium flowMedium flow
90 cm water90 cm water
Caps on Drip TreatmentsCaps on Drip Treatments
Applied through microspraysApplied through microsprays• 2.4m x 4.6m spacing 2.4m x 4.6m spacing
Water (15 cm)Water (15 cm) Metam sodium (Vapam 243 Metam sodium (Vapam 243
L/ha)L/ha)
Nematode Populations Nematode Populations at Plantingat Planting
Grape Nursery Trial, 2001 - 0-30cm Depth
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Untreated
Methyl Bromide
Propargyl bromide, shank
Iodomethane, shank
Metam sodium, microspray
Inline, metam cap
Chloropicrin, metam cap
Azide, tarped
Azide, drip
Iodomethane, drip
Propargyl bromide, drip
Nemas / 100cc Soil
Rootknot Nematode
Citrus Nematode
Grape Nursery Trial, 2001 - 60-90 cm Depth
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Untreated
Methyl Bromide
Propargyl bromide, shank
Iodomethane, shank
Metam sodium, microspray
Inline, metam cap
Chloropicrin, metam cap
Azide, tarped
Azide, drip
Iodomethane, drip
Propargyl bromide, drip
Nemas / 100cc Soil
Rootknot Nematode
Citrus Nematode
Grape Nursery Trial, 2001 - 120-150 cm Depth
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Untreated
Methyl Bromide
Propargyl bromide, shank
Iodomethane, shank
Metam sodium, microspray
Inline, metam cap
Chloropicrin, metam cap
Azide, tarped
Azide, drip
Iodomethane, drip
Propargyl bromide, drip
Nemas / 100cc Soil
Rootknot Nematode
Citrus Nematode
Nematode Populations Nematode Populations after One Growing Seasonafter One Growing Season
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Untreated
Methyl Bromide
Propargyl bromide, shank
Iodomethane, shank
Metam sodium herbicide
Inline, metam cap
Chloropicrin, metam cap
Azide, tarped
Azide, water
Iodomethane, drip
Propargyl bromide, drip
Nemas/100 cc Soil
Rootknot
Citrus
Thompson Seedless – Fall 2001
Vineyard Replant TrialVineyard Replant TrialPlanted 1998Planted 1998
Experimental DesignExperimental Design
65 year-old nematode-65 year-old nematode-infested Thompson infested Thompson Seedless vineyardSeedless vineyard
Randomized complete Randomized complete block, 5 repsblock, 5 reps
TreatmentsTreatments Untreated ControlUntreated Control Methyl Bromide, 448 kg/haMethyl Bromide, 448 kg/ha Shank Iodomethane, 448 kg/haShank Iodomethane, 448 kg/ha Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 60 mm water)Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 60 mm water)
+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 100 mm water)Drip Telone II EC (327 L/ha in 100 mm water)
+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap+metam sodium (vapam, 243 L/ha) cap 1-Year Fallow1-Year Fallow 1-Year Fallow + sudac cover crop1-Year Fallow + sudac cover crop
Variety/RootstockVariety/Rootstock
Thompson Seedless, Thompson Seedless, • own-rootedown-rooted
Merlot on HarmonyMerlot on Harmony Merlot on Teleki 5CMerlot on Teleki 5C
Treatment Meloidogyne sp. Tylenchulus sp.
ThompSeedless Teleki 5C Harmny
ThompSeedless Teleki 5C Harmny
Untreated Control 160.3 ab 290.7 a 4.0 989.0 a 377.4 a 981.8 ab
1 Year Fallow 215.0 a 72.8 b 0.0 512.6 abc 465.8 a 1141.8 a
1 Year Fallow plus cover crop
204.2 a 259.0 a 0.16 649.0 ab 391.5 a 787.8 b
Methyl Bromide (400lbs/acre)
4.96 c 0.48 b 0.0 0.5 c 49.0 b 61.6c
Iodomethane (400lbs/acre) 57.8 c 0.0 b 0.16 14.1 c 4.0 b 133.4 c
Telone II EC (60mm water)+Vapam
0.16 c 3.8 b 0.0 22.9 c 3.4 b 76.8 c
Telone II EC (100mm water)+Vapam
59.1 c 0.48 b 0.0 113.0 bc 30.5 b 68.5 c
Nematodes – 3.5 years after treatment
Shank Treatments applied Apr 1998. Drip Treatments applied Jan Shank Treatments applied Apr 1998. Drip Treatments applied Jan 1998. Samples collected Oct 2001.1998. Samples collected Oct 2001.
Long Term Fallow/ Long Term Fallow/ Vineyard Replant TrialVineyard Replant Trial
Planted in 2000Planted in 2000
Experimental DesignExperimental Design Vines RemovedVines Removed
Winter 1999 – untreated controlWinter 1999 – untreated controlWinter 1998 – 1 year fallowWinter 1998 – 1 year fallowWinter 1997 – 2 year fallowWinter 1997 – 2 year fallowWinter 1996 – 3 year fallowWinter 1996 – 3 year fallow
Vines replanted – June 2000Vines replanted – June 2000
Effect of Long-term Fallow on Rootknot Nematode in a Vineyard Replant
01
23
0-3030-60
60-9090-120
120-150
0102030405060708090100
Nematodes/100 cc soil
Length of
Fallow (years) Sample Depth (cm)
Effect of Long-term Fallow on Citrus Nematode in a Vineyard Replant
01
23
0-3030-60
60-9090-120
120-150
0200400600800100012001400160018002000
Nematodes/100cc Soil
Length of
Fallow (years) Sample Depth (cm)
Rose Nursery Field TrialJackson & Perkins
Wasco
Initiated Fall, 2001
Rose Nursery Treatments Controls
•Untreated control•Methyl bromide check – 392 kg/ha
Shanked Treatments•MIDAS - 30% Iodomethane/70%chloropicrin, 448 kg/ha•Telone C35 with tarp – 449 L/ha •Telone C35, no tarp – 449 L/ha
Dripped Treatments•InLine, 468 L/ha •Telone EC, 327 L/ha •Chloropicrin – high rate, 448 kg/ha•Chloropicrin – low rate, 224 kg/ha•Chloropicrin, split application - 224 kg/ha + 224 kg/ha 7 days later•MIDAS - 30% Iodomethane/70%chloropicrin, 448 kg/ha•MIDAS - 50% Iodomethane/50%chloropicrin, 336 kg/ha•Metam sodium, drip, 701 L/ha•Iota (a biological)
y = 0.3085x + 6.1249
R2 = 0.4917
5.00
5.50
6.00
6.50
7.00
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sample Depth (cm)
pH
Rose Nursery TrialSoil pH
30 60 90 120 150
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0
Untreated
Methyl Bromide
Midas, 30:70, shank
Telone C35, tarp
Telone C35, untarp
Midas, 30:70, drip
Midas, 50:50, drip
Inline
Telone EC
Metam sodium
Chloropicrin, high
Chloropicrin, low
Chloropicrin, split
Iota
Nemas/250 cc soil
Stubby Root
Stunt
Rootknot
Rose Nursery TrialNematodes - 0-30 cm
0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0
Untreated
Methyl Bromide
Midas, 30:70, shank
Telone C35, tarp
Telone C35, untarp
Midas, 30:70, drip
Midas, 50:50, drip
Inline
Telone EC
Metam sodium
Chloropicrin, high
Chloropicrin, low
Chloropicrin, split
Iota
Nemas/250 cc soil
Stubby Root
Stunt
Rootknot
Rose Nursery TrialNematodes – 60-90 cm
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0
Untreated
Methyl Bromide
Midas, 30:70, shank
Telone C35, tarp
Telone C35, untarp
Midas, 30:70, drip
Midas, 50:50, drip
Inline
Telone EC
Metam sodium
Chloropicrin, high
Chloropicrin, low
Chloropicrin, split
Iota
Nemas/250 cc soil
Stubby Root
Stunt
Rootknot
Rose Nursery TrialNematodes – 120-150 cm
How do you save the How do you save the nursery crop if your nursery crop if your
nematode management nematode management wasn’t perfect?wasn’t perfect?
Rescue TechnologiesRescue TechnologiesRescue TechnologiesRescue Technologies
Hot water dips for dormant Hot water dips for dormant perennial and bulb cropsperennial and bulb crops
Dr. Becky WesterdahlDr. Becky WesterdahlDr. Becky WesterdahlDr. Becky Westerdahl
1997 - 2001 TREATED 6 ROOTSTOCKS:MYROBALAN 29C, MARIANNA 2624, LOVELL, NEMAGUARD,
PARADOX, ENGLISH 5 TEMPERATURES
43.3, 46.1, 48.9, 51.7, 54.4 C 5 LENGTHS OF TREATMENT PLUS UNTREATED 5 REPLICATES EVALUATE
SURVIVAL, VIGOR, TRUNK CIRCUMFERANCE PLANTED AT USDA STATION
HOT WATER TREATMENTS FOR NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN FRUIT
TREE ROOTSTOCKS
B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
TEMP (C) MINUTES >>>>>2 3 4 5 5.0 6 7 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 70
43.3 X X X X X46.1 X X X X X48.9 X X X X X51.7 X X X X X54.4 X X X X X
1998 - 2001 TREATMENTS
B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0, 0.0
110, 30.0
110, 40.0
110, 50.0
110, 60.0
110, 70.0
115, 15.0
115, 20.0
115, 25.0
115, 30.0
115, 35.0
120, 5.0
120, 10.0
120, 15.0
120, 20.0
120, 25.0
125, 1.5
125, 2.5
125, 4.5
125, 6.5
125, 8.5
130, 1.5
130, 2.5
130, 3.5
130, 4.5
130, 5.5
ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD
ERROR
TRUNK DIAMETER INCREASE (INCHES) in 2000
1998 Hot Water Treatment – Paradox Walnut
B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
PE
RC
EN
T M
OR
TA
LIT
Y
43.3C
46.1C48.9C
MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA
MINUTES
ERROR BARS INDICATE 1 STANDARD ERROR
Effect of Hot Water Treatments on Rootknot Nematode
B. Westerdahl, UC Davis
ConclusionsConclusions
Good distribution of effective Good distribution of effective concentrations of emulsified concentrations of emulsified formulations of fumigants can formulations of fumigants can be achieved using drip be achieved using drip application technologiesapplication technologies
ConclusionsConclusions
Drip applied 1,3-D and shank Drip applied 1,3-D and shank applied iodomethane have applied iodomethane have controlled rootknot nematode as controlled rootknot nematode as well as methyl bromide up to 3.5 well as methyl bromide up to 3.5 years after treatmentyears after treatment
Efficacy of long term fallow is Efficacy of long term fallow is dependent on the nematode dependent on the nematode genera present in the fieldgenera present in the field
ConclusionsConclusions
Efficacy of resistant rootstock depends on Efficacy of resistant rootstock depends on the diversity of the nematode populationthe diversity of the nematode population
Drip application of some currently Drip application of some currently available materials and shank and drip available materials and shank and drip application of some new materials application of some new materials achieved nematode control to a depth of achieved nematode control to a depth of 150cm150cm
Field conditions at the time of application Field conditions at the time of application will influence efficacywill influence efficacy
ConclusionsConclusions
Rescue technologies, such as Rescue technologies, such as hot water dips, are an hot water dips, are an important tool in the important tool in the production of clean planting production of clean planting material from field grown material from field grown nurseriesnurseries
ConclusionConclusion Integrated management Integrated management
strategies that make use of strategies that make use of innovative technologies, new innovative technologies, new materials, resistant rootstocks, materials, resistant rootstocks, cultural practices and post-plant cultural practices and post-plant introductions of beneficial introductions of beneficial organisms offer hope for organisms offer hope for addressing Challenging addressing Challenging SituationsSituations
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements California Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine California Fruit Tree, Nut Tree, and Grapevine
Improvement Advisory BoardImprovement Advisory Board Sunridge NurserySunridge Nursery Jackson & Perkins RosesJackson & Perkins Roses L.E. Cooke NurseryL.E. Cooke Nursery Tri-CalTri-Cal Tomen AgroTomen Agro Dow Agro SciencesDow Agro Sciences AmVacAmVac AlbemarleAlbemarle Cal Agri ProductsCal Agri Products HarborChemHarborChem
Thank you!Thank you!