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Next Generation Gasoline Development
PEMEX/IMP Technical Seminar
June 29, 2011
Company Confidential
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Overview
The Gasoline Market
Industry Trends & Issues
Performance Parameters
Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Overview
What is DIG
The DIG market and growth expectations
Afton DIG test development and capabilities
Additive Direction
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The Gasoline Petroleum Additives Market
Company Confidential
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Emission Mandates
Energy Efficiency Mandates
Globalization of OEMs,
Suppliers, & Others
Technology Changing Consumer Behavior
KEY GLOBAL TRENDS
Drivers of Continued Industry Change
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Crude Oil Prices Continue to Rise
Crude pricing is
driven by
Supply and demand
Global political issues
Speculation
Improved energy and
fuel efficiency
Reduces demand for
imported crude
Moderates impact of
pricing surges
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
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0
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n-9
2
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Cru
de P
ric
e (
US
$)
Source: McGraw Hill, Federal Reserve, Bloomberg
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Dramatic Growth in Vehicle Population and Fuel
Consumption
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Un
it (
mil
lio
n)
Motor Vehicle Population
Source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n (
milli
on
MT
)
Gasoline Consumption
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Crowded Roads Call for Reduced Emissions and
Improved Efficiency
Energy efficiency polices
and vehicle technology are
being developed
Controls of traditional
pollutants and greenhouse
gases (GHG) are important
As the motor fleet expands,
greater volumes of cleaner-
burning transportation fuels
are needed
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The #1 United States Driver
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Miles P
er
Gallo
n
US Corporate Average Fuel Economy Limit, mpg
Passenger Car
Combined Fleet
2025
62 mpg = ~ 145 gpm of CO2
Source: www.fueleconomy.gov, autotech daily
The MY2010 new vehicle fleet averaged
22.5 mpg or 395 gpm of CO2 per EPA
estimates of real world performance,
which it says are about 20 % lower than
certification test results.
35.5 mpg = ~ 250 gpm of CO2
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CO2
Emissions
Fuel Differentiation
Regulations
• Alternate fuels
• CAFE
• Additive mandate – LAC & CARB
• Emissions
• Greenhouse gasses
• Competition
• Performance tests
Gasoline Market Drivers
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How will we get there?
GM’s View Honda’s View
Source: API DAP presentations, JD Power
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Adoption of High Efficiency Gasoline Engine
Technology Will Grow
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2005 2010 2015 2020
Perc
en
t N
ew
Veh
icle
Sale
s
EU
US
Japan
Designed to use high octane
fuel for optimal fuel efficiency
Operation on lower octane fuel
increased fuel consumption
Direct Injection Engine in
Gasoline Vehicles
1.6L Turbo
Direct Injection
Source: API/Martec, 2010
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Weight Reduction and Smaller Engines
2012 Chevrolet Sonic
Engine: 1.8L DOHC I-4 or
1.4L Turbo DOHC I-4
Weight: ~ 2,400 lbs.
Source: GM Press Release
Gasoline Engines 2011 % of Total
< 3 cylinders 5,105,600 8.35
4 cylinders 45,683,100 74.72
5 cylinders 275,700 0.45
6 cylinders 7,445,400 12.18
8 cylinders 2,587,900 4.23
>10 cylinders 40,400 0.07
Total 61,138,100
Global Gasoline Engine Production Forecast
Source: IHS Automotive
Vehicle and engine weight reduction wherever possible
The EPA & CARB estimate that the proposed 62 mpg limit can be achieved by
reducing vehicle weight 14 – 26 % while increasing hybrid/EV market penetration
Decreases in engine displacement and number of cylinders are possible as vehicle
weight reduction occurs
Further decreases in engine weight are possible thru hollow frame cast iron blocks,
increased use of aluminum, and technology such as plasma-sprayed cylinders to
replace steel liners.
The new Chrysler Pentastar 3.6L is 94 lbs lighter than the 3.7L engine it replaces in
the Jeep Grand Cherokee.
Forecast Growth
Forecast Decline
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Engine Technology – Near Term
Ford 3.5L EcoBoost engine
Fiat MultiAir engine.
Cylinder de-activation systems
Source: OEM websites
Federal-Mogul “EcoTough” Coated Piston
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Turbocharging
In the US, Honeywell forecasts that more than 4 million vehicles will be
equipped with turbochargers by 2015, about four times as many as 2009.
Most gasoline direct injection engines will incorporate turbocharging as a
means of increasing horsepower without sacrificing fuel economy.
Source: Menda Automotive
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Ways Automotive OEMs can Improve FE
Fuel Saving Technologies
http://www.autonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090519/ANA02/905199971/1186
Technology Compared with% Improvement
in FE
Diesel engine Gasoline engine 25-30%
Gasoline direct injection
plus turbochargingMultiport fuel injection up to 12%
Dual-clutch transmission Automatic transmission up to 10%
Cylinder deactivation Using all 8 cylinders 7%
Continuously variable
valve timingFixed valve settings 5%
Stop-start system Idling 5%
5-speed transmission 4-speed 3-4%
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DIG (Direct Injection Gasoline) Overview
Company Confidential
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What is it?
Injects fuel directly into cylinder instead of intake port
Why?
Increases power, improves FE, and lowers exhaust emissions
How?
Evaporative cooling allows the compression ratio to be raised that provides greater thermodynamic efficiency
Improved mixture permits more aggressive ignition curves
http://autodeadline.com/detail?source=&mid=WKA2009011100154&mime=JPG
Ford Motor Company
What is DIG?
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Other names for DIG
Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) is a
powerful engine technology to
increase fuel economy
Also referred to Direct Injection Spark
Ignition (DISI), Gasoline Direct Injection
(GDI)
OEMs have their own designations
• Ford EcoBoost, Audi Fuel Straight Injection
(FSI), Mercedes-Benz Charge Gasoline
Injection (CGI), Porsche Direct Fuel Injection
(DFI), etc.
http://www.autoblog.com/2008/01/06/detroit-2008-ford-launches-ecoboost-gas-turbo-direct-injection/4
Ford Motor Company
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Port Direct
Injector in
Intake Port
Injector in Combustion
Chamber
Port vs. Direct Fuel Injection
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1. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123189601997879691.html?mod=googlenews_wsj – January 14, 2009
2. http://www.financialpost.com/news/story.html?id=1181813 - January 15, 2009
Future DIG market share
Future Production
DIG vehicles as a % of total
production based on 15
million produced per year 1
• 2009 = 4%
• 2010 = 7%
• 2011 = 16%
• 2012 = 27%
• 2013 = 33%
• 2014 = 34%
DIG vehicles in 2015 2
• 3.1 million per J.D. Power
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DIG technical facts
Injectors work with higher pressures
~2,000 psi versus ~50 psi, i.e., power wash vs. garden hose
Fuel injected in a reduced amount of time
Conventional PFI have two rotations of the crankshaft to inject the
fuel. At 6,000 RPM, this is 20 milliseconds (ms).
DIG injection occurs in a portion of the intake stroke, i.e., 0.4-5 ms
to inject the fuel
More finely atomized
Direct injection fuel droplets are 1/5th the droplet size of PFI and
1/3rd the diameter of a human hair, i.e., 15 μm or 0.0006”
http://autospeed.com/cms/A_107830/article.html?popularArticle
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Current DIG vehicles
A long list…growing longer…
Audi - A3, A4, A5, TT
BMW - 135i, 335i, 535xi, X5, X6, Z4, 750
Buick – LaCrosse, Enclave
Cadillac – CTS, SRX, STS
Chevrolet – Camaro, HHR SS, Equinox, Traverse, Malibu
Ferrari – F458, California
Ford – Flex, Taurus SHO, Focus, F150
GMC – Acadia, Terrain
Hyundai – Accent, Sonata, Veloster (2012)
Jaguar – XF, XJ, XK, XKR, XJ, XXR
Kia - Optima
Lamborghini – Gallardo LP560-4
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Current DIG vehicles
…and longer…
Land Rover – LR4, Range Rover, Range Rover Sport
Lexus – IS250, GS350, IS350, IS-F, GS600hL, CT200h
Lincoln – MKS, MKT
Mazda - Mazdaspeed 3, CX-7
Mercedes-Benz
MINI – Cooper S, Cooper JCW
Nissan - Juke
Pontiac – Solstice GXP
Porsche – Boxster, Cayman, 911, 912
Rolls Royce - Phantom
VW – CC, Eos, GTI, Jetta, Passat, Tiguan CC
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Benefits Challenges
DIG Opportunities
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Developing a DIG engine test
Afton Confidential
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Base fuel
Base fuel + PFI* only additive
Base fuel + additive optimized for PFI* & DIG
Both additives have excellent PFI engine IVD performance
% S
hif
t in
LT
FT
Direct Injection Gasoline (DIG) Performance
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DIG Dirty-up / Clean-up Test
Dirty up with base fuel.
Clean up with additive use
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Representative Vehicles
PFI
DIG
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73% restoration
Mini Cooper DIG Vehicle – Injector clean-up
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VAG DIG vehicle – Injector clean-up
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 20 40 60
LT
FT
, %
Test Time, hrs
VW Golf 1.4 TSI
55 % restoration
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
LT
FT
, %
Test Time, hrs
AUDI A4
47.5% restoration
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Example Performance Benefit with Fully
Formulated Package
104
108
112
116
120
Base fuel + Additive @ 2000km
To
rqu
e,
Nm
Torque (Power) increase Fuel consumption decrease
6.9
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
Base fuel + Additive @ 2000km
Fue
l co
nsu
mp
tio
n, l
/100
km
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Clean-up based average emission reductions, %
10
23
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
THC CO NOx
%
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Afton DIG Test Protocol
Vehicles – 2008 Model Year
Pontiac Solstice GXP, VW GTI
Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers
48 hour duration
Fuel
Proprietary fuel formulated to mimic an EPA 65th percentile fuel
Able to rank the effectiveness of various chemistries
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Determining fuel injector fouling
Track the increase in Long Term Fuel Trim (LTFT) via OBD-2
• LTFT is an ECM algorithm for adaptive fuel trim
– To compensate for the reduced flow through a plugged injector, the
injector must stay open for a longer time
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Lon
g Te
rm F
ue
l Tri
m, %
Test Time, hrs
2008 Pontiac Solstice Test Summary
08PS2-2
DIG Fuel Injector Fouling
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Clean Injector Dirty Injector
2008 Pontiac Solstice GXP, 2.0L I-4
Visuals: Clean vs. Dirty Injectors
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Direct Injection Gasoline Testing
Keep-Clean testing – 2008 Pontiac Solstice
Dramatically reduces the shift in LTFT (measure of injector
plugging)
66% Improvement
83% Improvement
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Providing improved DIG performance
Direct Injection Gasoline Testing
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
2008 VW Jetta 2008 Pontiac Solstice
Sh
ift
in L
TF
T%
Keep-Clean Testing
Additive A
DIG Additive
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Summary
DIG is the future of engine technology
Better Fuel Economy is driving DIG demand
Many DIG vehicles on the road today
Exponential growth expected
DIG technology development is essential
Developed test cycle and program to evaluate GPA
Demonstration of Real World performance in DIG vehicles
Robust Performance in DIG Vehicles
DIG opportunity
Evidence of DIG deposit related problems in the field
Issues likely to grow as DIG continues to penetrate market
• Detergent additive system will be critical in controlling deposit forming
tendencies
• Higher additive treat rates may be necessary for optimal vehicle
performance
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Muchas Gracias!!!
Preguntas???
Company Confidential