Download - Next theories
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Next theories• Keep the empirical rigor of behaviorism and add. . . .
• Cognition, thought, motivation, etc.
• Social learning– In Skinner box animals are alone
• We learn by watching others!
• Treat humans as active in selecting their environment– In Skinner box a rat is placed in there
• We select our environments and they will change because we are in them
– You at a party!
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Theories
• Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
• Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
• Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
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Dollard & Miller
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Dollard and Miller
• Combines behaviorism and Freudian theory!
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Habit Hierarchy
• All the behaviors a person might do
• From most likely to least likely
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Habit Hierarchy
Flex muscles
Comb hair
Talk to a woman
Get a drink
Talk to Ponch
In a bar
But, this can change based on reinforcement or punishment
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Activity
• Create your own habit hierarchy for being in the classroom
• List Top 5 habits
• Why do you think these are the top 5?
• How do you think we could change these?
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• In order to learn -- John (an organism) must
• 1) Want something (a woman)
• 2) Notice something (perceive the woman)
• 3) Do something (talk to the woman)
• 4) Get something (a smile)
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Note
• This is already different than behaviorism
• Dollard and Miller– Motivation (want something)
– Perception (notice something)
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Note
• This is already different than behaviorism
• Behaviorism– Learning changes behavior
• Dollard and Miller– Learning changes the HH
• HH is a non-observable psychological entity
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What do you want?
• Drives
• A psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced.
Need Drive
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Drives
• Primary Drives
• Biologically built-in drives– Food, water, sex, avoid pain, etc.
• Secondary Drives
• Psychologically based– Love, prestige, money, power, etc.– Learned by being paired with primary drives
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Imagine
John asks the Charlie's Angels out on a date
John gets rejected!
Is upset so he goes riding with Ponch
Arrests a person for no reason at all!
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Why?
• Freud
• Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis– Natural reaction for any person (or animal) to
being blocked from a goal, will be the urge to lash out or injure.
– The more important the goal, the greater will be the aggressive impulse
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Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
• Different than Freud– No ID is needed (or ego)
• Same as Freud– Displacement
• e.g., riots
– Sublimation (can be constructive)
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What is fun?
The story about me in the book
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• Conflict between desire and fear
• Changes over time
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 1) An increase in drive strength will increase the tendency to approach or avoid a goal
VS.
If John wants to relieve a drive more than Ponch, John will also want the goal more!
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 2) Whenever there are two competing responses, the stronger one (the one with the greater drive) will win out.
Drive: Companionship Drive: Avoid rejection
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal
John sees the Angels across the roomJohn talks to them
John asks them back to his place
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 3) The tendency to approach a positive goal increases the closer the one is to the goal
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 4) The tendency to avoid a negative goal also increases the closer one is to the goal
John sees the Angels across the roomJohn talks to them
John asks them back to his place
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
0
100
Far from goal Near goal
Str
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Avoidance
Approach
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
0
100
Far from goal Near goal
Str
en
gy
of
ten
de
nc
y
Avoidance
Approach
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
0
100
Far from goal Near goal
Str
en
gy
of
ten
de
nc
y
Avoidance
Approach
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
• 5) Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3.
0
100
Far from goal Near goal
Str
en
gy
of
ten
de
nc
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Avoidance
Approach
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Group Activity
• Have you ever had something in the future that you were both looking forward to and dreading?
• Did your feelings about it change over time in the way Dollard and Miller describe?
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Defense Mechanisms
• Freud’s explanation
• Dollard and Miller
• Negative Reinforcement– A reward that consists of the withdrawal of
aversive stimuli
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Defense Mechanisms• Negative Reinforcement
• Any stopping of pain or anxiety is negatively reinforcing• The behavior that occurred before such cessation will
become more likely
Put your hand in the fire!
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Defense Mechanisms
• Dollard and Miller
• DM are cognitive behaviors that are negatively reinforced because they remove anxiety
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Defense Mechanism
• Denial
• Repression
• Reaction Formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Intellectualization
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Defense Mechanisms
• Freud vs. Dollard and Miller
• Freud was right . . . . Perhaps too complicated
• Principle of Parsimony
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Rotter’s Social Learning Theory
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Blamoooooo
Jackpot: $100 Jackpot: $1,000
Odds: 50%
All games cost $10
Odds: .000001%
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Rotter
• Behaviorism would predict you would go for the biggest reward
• However, your beliefs (i.e., expectancies) are also important!
• Expectancy Value Theory
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Elements
• Behavior Potential (BP)
• The probability that you will perform the behavior in question
• Higher the BP, more likely you will do it!
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Elements
• Expectancy (E)
• A persons belief about how likely a behavior will bring about a goal
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Expectancy
• If you think so:– “Asking out” has high expectancy
• If you do not think so:– “Asking out” has low expectancy
•If you ask a person out will they say yes?
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Expectancy
• It is a belief
• Objective odds matter less then subjective odds
• Lottery!
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Expectancy
• Specific (E’)
• Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time
• “If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say yes?”
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Questionnaire
• LC questionnaire
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Expectancy
• Specific (E’)
• Belief about a certain behavior at a certain time• “If I ask Batman out today at lunch will he say
yes?”
• General (GE)• Belief if anything a person does is likely to make
a difference• “Nothing I do is going to matter anyway – why
bother asking Batman or anyone out!”
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Expectancy
• General Expectancy
• Like a trait
• High GE (Internal locus of control)– Energetic, highly motivated
• Low GE (External locus of control)– Depressed, low motivation
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Expectancy
• Both E’ and GE are important
E = Expectancy for a behavior to bring about a reward
GE = General expectancy
E’ = Specific expectancy for the behavior
N = number of times you have been in this situation
N
GEEE '
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Elements
• Reinforcement Value (RV)
• The subjective benefit of a reward
• How much do you really care about the outcome?
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Reinforcement Value
• How much do you care about getting that date?
• How much do you care if you are rejected?
• How much do you care about doing school work instead?
• Note: RV is a relative term!
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Putting it all together
• How do you predict BP?
)&( RVEfBP
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Putting it all together
• How do you predict BP?
• Psychological Situation• These values change as a result of the situation
)&( RVEfBP
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Will you dance or take notes?)&( RVEfBP
Notes:
FUN: E = .01
GOOD GRADES: E = .50
Dance:
FUN: E = .30
GOOD GRADES: E = .01
RV
Fun = .30
Good Grades = .90
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Will you dance or take notes?)&( RVEfBP
Notes:
FUN: E = .01 BP = .003
GOOD GRADES: E = .50 BP = .45
Dance:
FUN: E = .30 BP = .009
GOOD GRADES: E = .01 BP = .003
RV
Fun = .30
Good Grades = .90
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Will you dance or take notes?)&( RVEfBP
Notes:
FUN: E = .01
GOOD GRADES: E = .20
Dance:
FUN: E = .80
GOOD GRADES: E = .001
RV
Fun = .95
Good Grades = .05
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Will you dance or take notes?)&( RVEfBP
Notes:
FUN: E = .01 BP = .009
GOOD GRADES: E = .20 BP = .01
Dance:
FUN: E = .80 BP = .72
GOOD GRADES: E = .01 BP = .009
RV
Fun = .95
Good Grades = .05
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Imagine
• High RV• Low E
• What might happen?
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John wants a date really bad!
Doesn’t think he can get one.
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Maladjustment
Excessive time spent fantasizing
Failure to develop social relationships
Failure to develop social skills
Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Imagine
• Two behaviors have high RV?
• What might happen?
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John wants to dedicate his life to the ladies!
John wants to dedicate his life to police work!
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Maladjustment
Feel conflict
Erratic and unpredictable behavior
Neither may be accomplished
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Therapy
• Focuses on the conscious and rational mind
• 1) What can you do?• 2) What do you want?
• Importance of minimal goal level• Importance of prioritizing desires