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Ni-Ti AND Ni-Mn-Ga NANOCRYSTALLINE SHAPE
MEMORY ALLOYS AND COMPOSITES FOR NEXT GENERATION SENSORS
AND ACTUATORS
Teodor M. BreczkoLab of Functional Materials and
Nanotechnology of University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS(SMA)
Rapidly quenched melt-spun ribbons of Ti-Ni, Ti50Ni50-xFex, Ti50Ni50-yCoy and Ti50Ni50-zCuz
shape memory alloys were obtained and studied with the aid of X-ray diffraction, TEM
and magnetic susceptibility and resistivity measurements. The formation of amorphous,
nanocrystalline, and submicron-grained structures was demonstrated.
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The X-ray diffraction studies show that, depending on the composition and the cooling rate, the melt-quenched Ni-Ti-Cu alloys can be prepared in the amorphous (curves 1,2), mixed amorphous-nanocrystalline (3),and submicrocrystallinestates (4,5).
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Experimental results
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40 50
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
RM
S m
icro
stra
in x
10
-3
Changes in RMS micro-strains 21/2 *10-3 with number of thermal and
mechanical loading.
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High mechanical strength and plasticity of rapidly quenched ribbons may be obtained alongside with narrow temperature hysteresis of the shape memory effect and high durability necessary for a number of applications. The Cu-doped melt-spun ribbons are found to be most promising for sensors and actuators operating in the vicinity of room temperature.
Temperature sensor on the base of Ti-Ni-Cu melt-spun ribbon ring
actuator with a diameter D = 2 mm (movable contact not shown).
Operation temperature T = 70oC.
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FERROMAGNETIC SHAPE MEMORY HEUSLER ALLOYS (FSMA)
Ferromagnetic Ni-Mn-Ga and Co-Ni-Ga Heusler alloys attract attention due to their unique combination of thermoelastic martensitic
transformation and ferromagnetism as well as potential applications in new types of sensors and
actuators. Rapidly quenched ribbons (RQR) of these alloys with nano- and microcrystalline
structure controlled by annealing are of interest in connection with the possibility of their shape
memory control with the aid of magnetic field.
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tem
pera
ture
, K
x
FERROMAGNETIC SHAPE MEMORY HEUSLER ALLOYS Ni2+xMn1-xGa
Partial substitution of Mn with Ni increases the
temperature of structural transition TM and decreases
the Curie temperature TC resulting in their
coincidence at x ~ 0.19
TM
TC
TP
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Observations in polarized light provide new dimensions to the analysis of the martensite structure. The optical contrast originates from anistropic reflectance of martensite and depends on the orientation of the crystal c-axis with respect to the plane of light polarization.
Martensite structure at the surface of a mechanically polished polycrystalline Ni2.16Mn0.84Ga sample as observed in
polarized light
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Video showing the appearance and disappearance of martensite phase in Ni2.16Mn0.84Ga alloy in the course of
cooling and heating
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A
B C
A
B C
Microstructure of Ni2.16Mn0.84Ga at RT and
at Т = 370 К Arrows and letters indicate the points of intersection of martensite
boundaries with a rectangular reference grid on the sample surface and their
inflection on transition to the austenite state
Combined optical measurements of
the deformation and microstructural observations
provide information on the details of
material behaviour during phase
transition
martensite austenite
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OBSERVATION OF DS REALIGNMENT DURING MARTENSITE-AUSTENITE TRANSFORMATION IN Ni-Mn-Ga ALLOY
(video film fragments)
Sample size 200x800 m
Initially the Ni2.16Mn0.84Ga
microcrystal is in the martensitic
state characterized by 180-degree magnetic DS.
On heating the alloy transforms
into a cubic magnetically soft austenite phase
with negligible stray fields on the
sample surface
302 К 322 К
323 К 325 К
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Melt-spun Ni-Mn-Ga ribbons
thickness 30 m , length 10-30 mm
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initial shape after heating
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT IN NANOCRYSTALLINE Ni-Mn-Ga RIBBON
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Simultaneous observation of the martensite and magnetic domain structure of polycrystalline texturized sample
having elongated grains
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Displacement 0,6 – 5 mm,
Force – up to 1000 Newtons,
Frequency 300 – 1000 Hz
MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED ACTUATORS BASED ON Ni-Mn-Ga
(ADAPTAMAT)
A5-2
A06-3
A1-2000
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RESULTS
1. The new trend in magnetic shape memory control is developed on the basis of “classical’ shape memory. The reversible martensitic transition by magnetic field at constant temperature is demonstrated.
2. One- and two way shape memory control of Ni-Mn-Fe-Ga nanocrystalline samples is shown. The recoverable strain 3% for one-way and 1,4% for two way shape memory is measured.
3. The results can be applied to MEMS, NEMS and MAGMAS devices design.
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IMEM-CNR, Magnetic Materials Department, Parma, Italy (Dr
Franca ALBERTINI) - magnetic properties of nanocrystalline
materials
Laboratoire d'Electrotechnique de Grenoble, France, (Dr.
Orphee CUGAT) - application of nanocrystalline materials in
MAGMAS
Lab of Functional Materials and Nanotechnology of University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland (Prof. T. BRECZKO) -
X-ray, MFM
A.F.Ioffe Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Prof. V.I.
BETEKHTIN) - structural studies
Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Minsk, Belarus ( Dr. N.M.
CHIGRINOVA) - multilayered structures
Institute of Radioelectronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (Prof. V.G. SHAVROV)
– composite structures
Tver State University, Russia (Prof. R.M. GRECHISHKIN),
domain structure studies
Dept. Fisica Unversitat de Girona, Spain (Dr. Joan Josep SUNOL) - mechanical alloying of nanocrystalline materials
Institute of Metal Physics of Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences in Ekaterinburg (Prof.
V.G. PUSHIN) - electron microscopy)
THE TEAM
C.V.Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics and Functional Materials, Moscow (Prof. A.M.
GLEZER) - thin film preparation
St Petersburg State Technical University
(prof.. A. I. MELKER)- computer simulations