Download - Nigerian Civil War
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Africa: Nigerian Civil War(1967-70)
Kayla Romero
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Prompt:Outline the type, origins, nature and effects and
results of the Algerian War and Nigerian Civil War
(TONE)
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Map: Nigeria
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Type(s):❖Civil War/War of Independence❖ Total War
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Origins: Long-term❖ In 1960, when Nigeria gained its independence, its
major ethnic and religious groups competed for political control of the new state.➢ Christian Ibo vs. Muslim➢ Allegations that 1963 census and elections of 1964-
65 were corrupt = political unrest➢ Western political leaders were imprisoned by the
federal gov’t
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Origins: Short-term❖ Continuous violations of Ibo human rights by other
Nigerians, (Nigerian massacres on Ibo):➢ 1966 - In response to Ironsi’s attempt to replace
Nigeria’s federal system with a unitary national government >> Nigerians rioted and attacked Ibos.
➢ Sep. 29, 1966 - Nigerians once again attacked Ibos, slaughtering tens of thousands.
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Origins: Immediate❖ On May 30, 1967, Ojukwu announced the secession of
the east and declared that region the Republic of Biafra.➢ In March, 1967, Ibo Governor Ojukwu retained all taxes
collected in the Eastern Region.➢ On May 27, 1967, Ojukwu and a number of Ibo chiefs
declared the Eastern Region independent of Nigerian authority.
➢ In response>>Gowon initiated an economic boycott of the East and began a military campaign against Ojukwu and his Biafran army
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Nature:❖ Biafra strategies:
➢ Gowon initiated an economic boycott of the East and began a military campaign against Ojukwu and his Biafran army.
➢ Relief committees were used to ask for assistance➢ Ojukwu and the Biafrans appealed to the international
community for help on the principle of self-determination➢ Used Western media
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Nature cont.:❖ Nigerian Federal Government Responses/Strategies:
➢ (Boycott/Relief efforts)>> Nigeria’s federal government opposed relief efforts arguing that the civil war would end more quickly if the economic boycott were allowed to continue without disruption, forcing the Ibo to surrender
➢ (Int. Committees/Western Media)>> The Nigerian federal government obstructed efforts by international aid organizations
➢ Nigerian federal government delayed negotiations of a ceasefire, hoping that Biafra would be forced to sue for peace, thus preventing a negotiated compromise that would undermine Nigeria’s central government
➢ No foreign assistance to Biafra>>Organization of African Unity (OAU)
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Results:❖ January, 1970 - the Biafrans were militarily defeated ❖ January 13, 1970 - Lieutenant Colonel Philip Effiong,
(replaced Ojukwu as the major Biafran authority), surrendered to the federal government.
❖ Biafran decision-making bodies were dissolved, and Biafra ceased to exist on January 15, 1970
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Effects:❖ Nigeria reabsorbs ethnic Ibo groups very well>> Nigeria
experiences economic boom from oil price increases in the early 1970’s>>expanding revenues
❖ Military rule❖ Nigeria struggled with issues of democratization and
development❖ On the US front, because of exposure to the Biafran
struggles (1968 on), caught the attention from the populace and increased humanitarian efforts.