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INTRODUCTION OF WAP
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WAP ARCHITECTURE
WAE OVERVIEW
HOW THE WAP WORKS?
WAP APPLICATON
WAP STANDARD
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Wireless Application Protocol (commonly referred to as
WAP) is anopen international standard[1] for applicationlayer
network communications in a wireless communication
environment.
Its mainuse is to enable access to the Mobile Web from a
mobile phone or PDA.
A WAP browser provides allof the basic services of acomputer based web browser but simplified tooperate within
the restrictions of a mobile phone, such as its smaller view
screen.
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5August 2002
WAP PROTOCOL STACK
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How Wireless Internet Works
Tocreate wireless Internet content, a Web site
creates special text only or low graphics versions
of the site.
The data is sent inHTTP form by a Web server to a
WAP gateway.
This system includes the WAP encoder, script
compiler and protocol adapters toconvert the
HTTP information to WML.
The gateway then sends the converted data to the
WAP client onyour wireless device.
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WAE - holds the tools that wireless Internetcontent developers use.
WSP - determines whether a sessionbetween the device and the network will beconnection-oriented or connectionless.
WTP - acts like a trafficcop, keeping thedata flowing in a logical and smooth manner.
It also determines how toclassify eachtransaction request:Reliable two way(WTP/C)Reliable one way(WTP/T)Unreliable one way(WTP/D)
WTLS-
provides manyof the same securityfeatures found in the Transport LayerSecurity(TLS) part of TCP/IP.
WDP - makes it easy to adapt the transportlayer to a varietyof bearers because all thatneeds tochange is the informationmaintained at this level.
WAP ARCHITECTURE
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To minimize bandwidth requirements, and guaranteethat a variety of wireless networks can run WAPapplications, a new lightweight protocol stack called the
WAP protocol stack was developed.
WAPThe application protocol is a communication protocol stackthat is embedded in each enabled wireless device (also
known as the user agent).The server side implements the other end of the protocol,which is capable ofcommunicating with any WAP client.The server side is known as a WAP gateway and routesrequests from the client to an HTTP (or Web) server.
WAEThe Wireless Application Environment holds the toolsthat wireless Internet content developers use. Theseinclude WML and WMLScript, which is a scriptinglanguage used in conjunction with WML. It functions
much like Javascript.
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WSP
The Wireless Session Protocol determines whether a
session between the device and the network will beconnection-oriented or connectionless.
A connection-oriented session means that data will bepassed both ways between the device and the network.
WSP would then send the packet to the WirelessTransaction Protocol layer.
If the session is connectionless, commonly used wheninformation is being broadcast or streamed from the
network to the device
WSP redirects the packet to the Wireless DatagramProtocol layer.
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WTLS
Wireless Transport Layer Security providesmany of the same security features found inthe Transport Layer Security (TLS) part ofTCP/IP.
It checks data integrity, provides encryptionand performs client and server authentication.
Network carriers, or bearers, can be any of
the existing technologies that wirelessproviders use
The WSP and WTP layers correspond toHyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) in the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
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WAP 1.X
The WAP 1.0 standard, released in April 1998,
described a complete software stack for mobile
internet access.WAP version 1.1 came out in 1999. WAP 1.2, the
finalupdate of the 1.X series was released in June
2000. The most important addition inversion 1.2 was
WAP push.
The WAE space defines application-specific
markuplanguages.For WAP version 1.X, the primarylanguage of the
WAE is WML, In WAP 2.0, the primarymarkup
language is XHTML Mobile Profile.
WAP STANDARD
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WAP Push has been incorporated into the
specification to allow WAP content to be pushed to themobile handset with minimumuser intervention.
A WAP Push is basically a specially encoded message
which includes a link to a WAP address.
WAP Push is specified on topofWDP; as such, it can
be delivered over anyWDP-supported bearer, such as
GPRS or SMS.
Most GSM networks have a wide range ofmodified
processors, but GPRS activation from the network is
not generally supported, so WAP Push messages have
to be delivered on topof the SMS bearer.
On receiving a WAP Push, a WAP 1.2 or later enabledhandset will automaticallygive the user the option to
access the WAP content. This is also known as WAP
Push SI (Service Indication).
The network entity that processes WAP Pushes and
delivers themover an IP or SMS Bearer is known as a
Push Proxy Gateway (PPG).
WAP Push
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WAE specifies or adopts a number ofcontent formats that
facilitate inter-operable exchange of data.The most important formats are the encoded WML and
the WMLScript bytecode formats.
The encodingof WML and WMLScript makes transmission
of WML and WMLScript more efficient and minimises the
computational efforts needed to execute themon the client.
WAE adopts an additionalclass ofmedia types to facilitate
the exchange of data objects betweenclient and server or
between twoclients.
These are currentlylimited to electronic business cards andelectroniccalendar objects.
Such objects may be exchanged using WDP datagrams or
through a WSP session.
Other content formats include the WAE image exchange
format and application specific formats.
WAE SPECIFICATION
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WAE provides a visual environment that is designed toaddress severalcompeting requirements, including support
for multiple pixels depths, support for colourspace tables,
small encoding, verylow CPU and RAM decoding and
presentation
Demands.WBMP is an encapsulation format, eg,
colour table (if any), image bit planes, etc.
The WBMP specification is thus divided into twoparts:
1. The generic header contains the following information,
which is common to all image formats.
Type
Width and height
WBMP versionnumber
WBMP SPECIFICATION
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WHO WILL BE USING WAP ?
YOUNG PEOPLE
BUSINESS PEOPLE
YOUR NEIGHBOURS
YOU
ADVANTAGES
FAST AND EASY
PRIVATE
NOT TOO EXPENSIVE
DISADVANTAGES
TOO SMALL SCREEN
TOO DIFFICULT TO WRITE AND READ
LITTLE MEMORY CAPACITY
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Location-based services1. Real-time traffic reporting
2. Event/restaurant
recommendation
3. Highlycustomized ads
4. Instant messaging-typebuddylocation
Enterprise solutions
1. Email access
2. Database access3. A global intranet
4. Informationupdates pushed
toWAP devices
Financial services1. Banking
2. Bill-paying
3. Stock trading
4. Funds transfers
Travel services
1. Schedules and
rescheduling2. Reservations
Some WAP applications