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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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Q|confc ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ee
Hcngei` pexm Ib|xm Db|cn: Xndei` Vxbfd bo
Ib|xm Db|cni ^scvxebiv: Xndei` Vxbfd bo 3
Fbkqgcxei` xmc Vx|nxc`ef X|nivob|knxebi: Xmc S)V) Kegexn|u Nggenifcv pexmDb|cn nih Jnqni
Xmc S)V)+Jnqni Nggenifc nih xmc S)V)+\BD Nggenifc
Jnkcv Q|zuvxsq ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 86
Q|cqn|ei` ob| Osxs|c Xm|cnxv nih \c`ebing Fmnggci`cv: Xmc \BD+S)V)
Kegexn|u Nggenifc ei
Lcubih Legnxc|ng Nqq|bnfmcv: \c`ebingezei` Jnqni+Db|cn Xcivebiv
X)J) Qckqcg) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >>5
Ngxc|inxec Osxs|cv: S)V)+Db|cn Cfbibkef Xecv pexm nih pexmbsx n O|cc
X|nhc N`|cckcix
Fni xmc S)V) nih Vbsxm Db|cn Vei` pexmbsx DB\SV2 Xmc Cfbibkef
nih Vx|nxc`ef Coocfxv bo xmc DB\SV OXN
Kn|d Kniuei' Peggenk Fbbqc|) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >63
DB\SV OXN nv n Lcxxc| Ngxc|inxec xb Knin`c xmc Legnxc|ng Cfbibkef \cgnxebivmeq
Gcc Jnckei ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >35
Db|cn+Jnqni Cfbibkef Xecv
Db|cn: xmc Ic}x Nveni hbkeib ei @gblng F|evev
\efmn|h Dnxz ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >00
FBIXCIXV
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv >
IB MS@@EI@' IB GCN\IEI@:
XNDEI@ VXBFD BO
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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< S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk
E) Eix|bhsfxebi
Nffb|hei` xb exv p|exc|v' xmc mex >551v xcgcevebi vmbp Vceiocghpnv `sehch lu
xmc ibxebi xmnx' sigedc bxmc| vexfbkv' ex pnv `bei` xb lc n vmbp nlbsx ibxmei`nih pmc|c xmc|c pbsgh lc ib ms``ei` nih ib gcn|iei`)
Xb xmnx cih' cqevbhcv boVceiocghpbsgh ibx cih pexm niu ongvc vcixekcixng
|cfbifegenxebi ekq|blnlgu xuei` sq xmnx pccdv vmbpv gbbvc cihv -ib ms``ei`%'
nih xmc vmbpv knei fmn|nfxc|v pc|c pmb xmcu pc|c' vmbp noxc| vmbp' cqevbhc
noxc| cqevbhc -ib gcn|iei`%) Ei onfx' xmc knei fmn|nfxc|v bi xmc vmbp obsih
xmckvcgcv ei vexsnxebi noxc| vexsnxebi q|cfevcgu lcfnsvc xmcu pc|c pmb xmcu pc|c'
lcmnei` nv xmcu lcmnch' gcn|iei` ibxmei` o|bk xmce| q|cebsv c}qc|ecifcv nih
xmsv |cqcnxei`' bc| nih bc| n`nei' xmc vnkc qnxxc|iv xmnx bx xmck eixb x|bslgc'boxci pexm fbkef coocfx' xb lc`ei pexm)
Xndc npnu xmc fbkef coocfx nih ib ms``ei` nih ib gcn|iei` ev gedcgu nv bbh n
vskknxebi nv niu bo xmc heqgbknfu vs||bsihei` Ib|xm Db|cnv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv'
eifgshei` ibx jsvx 3 ucn|v nv pcgg' cc| veifc xmc HQ\Dv
|cosvng ei Ocl|sn|u >556 xb qc|kex Eixc|inxebing Nxbkef Cic|`u N`cifu -ENCN%
vqcfeng eivqcfxebiv vcx boo xmc f|evev xmnx mnv lcci siobghei` cc| veifc)
Lsx' eci xmc ccixv bo
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 6
Vbsih onkegen|2 Ngxmbs`m xmc hcxnegv knu heooc|' exv ni cc|egu onkegen| gexniu bo
evvscv' fbifc|iv' nih fmnggci`cv xmnx fbsgh mnc vc|ch nv n vexsnxebi |cqb|x nih
vskkn|u nx niu isklc| bo xekcv ei xmc qnvx hcfnhc b| vbxmc gnxcvx cqevbhc bo n
gbi`+|siiei` nih icc| fmni`ei` Ib|xmcnvx Nveni qcnfc nih vcfs|exu xcgcevebivmbp)
N f|exefng heooc|cifc lcxpcci Vceiocghnih Ib|xm Db|cni isfgcn| heqgbknfu' bo
fbs|vc' ev xmnx Vceiocghpnv n xcgcevebi vmbp onkbsvgu nlbsx ibxmei`' pmc|cnv
xmc HQ\Dv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv' nih xmc heqgbknfu bi xmc Db|cni qcieivsgn' ev
nlbsx xmc qcnfc nih vxnlegexu bo Ib|xmcnvx Nven nih xmc enlegexu bo gblng isfgcn|
ibiq|bgeoc|nxebi coob|xv) Ex ev c|u ksfm' ei bxmc| pb|hv' nlbsx vbkcxmei`)
Nih n vbkcxmei` pmc|c gcn|iei`' eo ibx ms`v' pegg lc svcosg eo xmc eixc|inxebing
fbkksiexu ev xb n||ec vsffcvvosggu nx hcisfgcn|eznxebi nih n qcnfc |c`ekc bixmc Db|cni qcieivsgn)
Lcob|c n l|eco ciskc|nxebi bo mbp vbkc bo xmc fmnggci`cv nih evvscv vs||bsihei`
xmc ve}+qn|xu xngdv mnc qgnuch bsx bc| xmc qnvx ucn|' exv ekqb|xnix xb dccq ei
keih obs| ~sefd fncnxv xmnx q|behc vbkc nhhexebing svcosg fbixc}x ob| xmc
Vceiocghningb`unih exv gekexv ei xmeidei` nlbsx xmc fs||cix vxnxc bo qgnu pexm
HQ\D heqgbknfu)
Oe|vx' xmc Vceiocgho|nkcib gcn|iei`' ib ms``ei`' ib q|b`|cvvev booc|ch nv nvbkcpmnx h|nknxef bc|vxnxckcix eixcihch nv ksfm ob| coocfx nih ob| qs|qbvcv
bo vqn|dei`' bic mbqcv' n kb|c pb|xmpmegc -nih qc|mnqv kb|c cixc|xneiei`%
hevfsvvebi mc|c xbhnu nlbsx xmc evvscv nx qgnu) Kb|c xb xmc qbeix' ex ev booc|ch ei
xmc mbqcv xmnx ex fni qbeix xbpn|h vbkc bo xmc n|cnv ei pmefm ex ev icfcvvn|u xb
`nei x|nfxebi ei osxs|c |bsihv bo heqgbknfu)
Vcfbih' gcn|iei`' ob| qs|qbvcv bo xmev qnqc|' ev ibx n fnxc`b|u xmnx vmbsgh lc
nqqgech xb xmc kniu nih nlgc eiheehsng heqgbknxv' qbgefukndc|v' ninguvxv' nih
ob|ce`i qbgefu q|bocvvebingv pmb mnc vxshech nih `|nqqgch pexm xmc hegckknvbo Ib|xm Db|cnv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv) Ei bxmc| pb|hv' ib gcn|iei` ev ibx eixcihch
xb hcie`|nxc xmc nlegexecv bo cexmc| xmbvc pmb mnc ci`n`ch ei ic`bxenxebiv pexm
Ib|xm Db|cn b| bxmc| ninguvxv nih qbgefukndc|v pmb' nv eiheehsngv' mnc lcci
nlgc xb hccgbq nih |cic ehcnv nih hccgbq ngxc|inxecv nih nqq|bnfmcv nih
q|bqbvngv lnvch bi qnvx c}qc|ecifc) \nxmc|' ex ev eixcihch xb lc nqqgech xb vxnxc
nih `bc|ikcixng lcmneb|' pmc|c gcn|iei`qbgefu fmni`cev vbkcxekcv
mn|hc| xb hevfc|i) Eihcch' ob| n n|ecxu bo hbkcvxef' qbgexefng fsgxs|c' ls|cnsf|nxef'
nih cci vx|nxc`ef |cnvbiv' vxnxc lcmneb|bi ngg vehcvmnv xmsv on| q|bch
|ckn|dnlgu fgbvch xb gcn|iei` nih ekqc|ebsv xb fmni`c)
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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8 S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk
Oeinggu' booc|ei` xmc blvc|nxebi xmnx xmc|c mnv lcci ngg xbb gexxgc bo cexmc| gcn|iei`
b| ms``ei` hbcv ibx kcni xmnx xmc|c mnv ibx lcci niu nfxeexu' nih cci kbxebi'
hs|ei` xmc qnvx ieic kbixmv) Eihcch'
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 3
exc|nxec `nkc qgnuei`' eifgshei` eif|cnvch x|svx nih fbihcifc) Eivxcnh' xmc
heqgbknxef q|bfcvv gs|fmcv o|bk bic f|evev' nih exv |cvbgsxebi' xb xmc ic}x' pexm
ibxmei` lsx n f|evev nih xmc q|bvqcfx bo hevnvxc| vcckei`gu nlgc xb f|cnxc xmc
icfcvvn|u huinkef xmnx nggbpv ob| heqgbknxef ci`n`ckcix)
Xmc
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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? S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk
vcckv gedcpevc c~snggu fgcn| xmnx vqcfef gni`sn`c nih vqcfef vc~scifei` nih
fbkkexkcixv ngvb knxxc|) Nih' ei onfx' nx xmcvc qbeixv nkle`sexu |evdv lcfbkei`
ibx jsvx siq|bhsfxec' lsx fbsixc|q|bhsfxec)
Ngxmbs`m xmc|c ev n vx|bi` n|`skcix xb lc knhc xmnx nkle`sexu pnv n icfcvvn|u
ei`|checix ei `cxxei` xmc ve}+qn|xu q|bfcvv lnfd bi x|nfdpexm xmc Vcqxcklc|
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 0
|vx xm|cc+~sn|xc|v pnv lchcegch |cqcnxchgu lu xmc vmb|xfbkei`v nih onegs|cv
bo cn|gec| |bsihv ei xmev |c`n|h)
Eihcch' `eci xmc HQ\Dv qcifmnix ob| vccdei` xb c}qgbex nkle`sexecv' xmc|c evn vx|bi` fbsixc|negei` n|`skcix xb lc knhc xmnx ni nlegexu xb lngnifc xmc icch
ob| nkle`sexu lsx ngvb xb lc nlgc xb gbfd ei pexm fbif|cxc vqcfefexu ev bic bo xmc
kbvx f|exefng' eo ibx xmc kbvx f|exefng' nvqcfxv bo `cxxei` HQ\D heqgbknfu |e`mx)
Xmev c}xcihv hbpi xb xmc gccg bo fn|c xb vqcfef pb|hv nih xc|keibgb`u' pexm
xmc ic`bxenxei` x|nfd |cfb|h bo
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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= S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk
Xmc q|bkevfsbsv gnuei` bsx bo |ch geicv xmnx n|c xmci vm|s``ch boo pmci ebgnxch
mnv lcci cvqcfenggu q|blgcknxef `eci pmnx ev dibpi nlbsx Ib|xm Db|cnv
q|bqcivexu xb fbivxnixgu qsvm`eci xmc bqci hbb| bo nkle`sexuxb |chcic
n`|cckcixv nih xb vccd xb `cx xmc bxmc|v ei xmc ve}+qn|xu q|bfcvv xb kccx cc|cvfngnxei` hcknihv) Xmc |cfb|h ev lbxm fgcn| nih fbivevxcix) Lsx xmc gnfd bo
inegch+hbpi nih fbif|cxc c|len`c' xmc nkle`sexu nih vqnfc f|cnxch lu vehc
n`|cckcixv' nih xmc kb|ng mnzn|h f|cnxch lu vmb|xfbkei`v ei ciob|fei` |ch
geicv' gcx ngbic bxmc| ic`bxenxei` qbvexebiv' mnc fbkleich xb f|cnxc ni bi`bei`
fufgc ei pmefm ic`bxenxebiv vccd xb hcic vxcqv xb lc xndci' vcx sq n xekc geic'
nih vqcfeou |cpn|hv xb lc kcxch bsx ei c}fmni`cnih xmci xmc HQ\D vccdv
xb |cic`bxenxc nih `cx kb|c qnukcix ob| xmc vnkc nfxebi nih |cguei`' nv _efxb|
Fmn mnv qbeixch bsx' bi xmc Siexch Vxnxcv xb lc |cnvbinlgc nih ibx pnixei` xb
|evd vccei` xmc ic`bxenxebiv oneg) Qc|mnqv xmc lcvx c}nkqgc bo xmev ei 6' xmc q|bfcvv nv ex vslvc~scixgu qgnuch bsx hs|ei`
xmc fbs|vc bo xmc ucn| nqqcn|ch xb lc lbxm eimc|cixgu mnzn|hbsv nih ibx gedcgu
xb gcnh xb sgxeknxc vsffcvv)
Ei xmc kb|c ekkchenxc' xmc coocfx ev xb fb||bhc xmc cixe|c fbifcqx nih sxegexu bo
nfxebi ob| nfxebi' `eci xmnx xmc|c |ckneiv' nx xmc cih' ib fbivevxcifu b| fgn|exu
pmci ex fbkcv xb xmc kcxei` bsx bo |cpn|hv nih ib n`|cch+bi sihc|vxnihei` bo
pmnx ni cvfngnxebi gnhhc| nih qsiexec x|cnxkcix ob| f|bvvei` |ch geicv ke`mxgbbd gedc) Xmsv Ib|xm Db|cn ev xs|iei` sq nih hbpi xmc vqcch bo hevnlgckcix
hcqcihei` bi xmc vqcch bo cic|`u hcgec|u)
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv 5
Xcfmiefngexecv
N obs|xm n|cn ev n gei`c|ei` onegs|c xb |cfb`iezc xmnx ob| xmc heqgbknfu vs||bsihei`
Ib|xm Db|cnv isfgcn| q|b`|nkv xmc xcfmiefng ev xmc qbgexefng) Xmnx ev' xmc|c n|cq|bobsih heqgbknxef ekqgefnxebiv ob| xmc ic`bxenxebiv bo xmc xcfmiefng nvqcfxv
bo xmc n`|cckcixv4 pmnx ev nfmecnlgc' hbnlgc' nih icfcvvn|u ei n xcfmiefng nih
vfecixef vcivc4 nih bi pmnx xekc geic xb kndc xmc heqgbknfu pb|d)
Ucx' xekc nih xekc n`nei' xmc heqgbknxef q|bfcvv vcckv xb `cx nmcnh bo xmc
xcfmiefng |cngexecv xmnx ke`mx bxmc|pevc fbivx|nei ic`bxenxebiv' f|cnxei` si|cngevxef
c}qcfxnxebiv nih si|cngevxef n`|cckcixv xmnx n|c hbbkch xb ongg vmb|x' cci
pmci xmc qbgexefng pegg c}evxv' lcfnsvc bo xmc xcfmiefng ms|hgcv) Xpb ~sefd
c}nkqgcvhevnlgckcix nih c|efnxebio|bk xmc |vx ieic kbixmv bo
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
12/17
>1 S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk
Ngxmbs`m ex knu lc sigedcgu xmc HQ\D pegg icc| `ec sq exv isfgcn| pcnqbiv'
xmc fbicixebing pevhbk nlbsx xmc fbihexebiv sihc| pmefm xmc HQ\D ke`mx
|c~se|cv n x|nivob|knxebi bo xmc qbgexefng nih vcfs|exu |cgnxebivmeq lcxpcci xmc
Siexch Vxnxcv nih xmc HQ\D) Xmc qnxxc|i bo legnxc|ng S)V)+HQ\D hevfsvvebivnv n q|chefnxc ob| l|bnhc| l|cndxm|bs`m mnv mcgh ei
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv >>
xmc `bng ev n ibiq|bgeoc|nxebi hcng b|' |nxmc|' n l|bnhc| heqgbknxef q|bfcvv
mei`ch bi ib|kngeznxebi nih n qcnfc |c`ekc) @eci pmnx pc dibpb| xmeid
pc dibpnlbsx pmnx xmc HQ\D ke`mx sgxeknxcgu ngsc ei n hcng' xmev ev n ibx
siekqb|xnix evvsc xb vcxxgc)
Eo bic nffcqxv xmnx xmc|c ev ei onfx ni cvvcixeng nih sihc|guei` gb`ef xb xmc HQ\D
hcfevebi xb vccd isfgcn| pcnqbiv -|cgnxei` xb exv ni}ecxecv nlbsx c}xc|ing qbpc|v'
eifgshei` xmc Siexch Vxnxcv' Fmein nih Jnqni4 n hcve|c xb fmcfd Vbsxm Db|cn4 nih
xmc gc`exeknxei` |bgc xmcvc q|b`|nkv qgnu ei vx|ci`xmciei` |c`ekc gc`exeknfu nx
mbkc%' ic`bxenxebiv xmnx oneg xb xndc xmnx gb`ef eixb nffbsix nih hcng pexm ex -bic
pnu b| nibxmc|% n|c ibx gedcgu xb lc vsffcvvosg)
Ob| xmc Siexch Vxnxcv nih bxmc| qn|xefeqnixv ei xmc ve}+qn|xu q|bfcvv xmc ~scvxebisgxeknxcgu lbegv hbpi xb pmcxmc| hcisfgcn|eznxebi ev xb lc n q|chefnxc ob| b| n
mbqch+ob| bsxfbkc bo n gn|`c| q|bfcvv)
EEE) Sifbivehc|ch Vx|nxc`u' Sikcx Bljcfxecv
Xmnx xmev si|cvbgch xcivebi vxegg c}evxv fni lcvx lc vcci ei xmc hbkcvxef S)V)
hclnxc nih hevfsvvebi ei xmc vq|ei` nih vskkc| vs||bsihei` xmc ~scvxebi bo
mbp' pmcxmc|' nih pmci xb |ckbc xmc HQ\D o|bk xmc xc||b|evk gevx) \ckbng
bo xmc HQ\D o|bk xmc gevx pnv gcvv nlbsx xmc knxc|eng lcicxv xmnx pbsgh nff|sc
xmni nlbsx xmc gn|`c| qbgexefng ve`ing cixnegch ei |ckbng o|bk xmc gevx nv n vxcq
xbpn|h ib|kngeznxebi)
Xmc qbgexefng cqevxckbgb`u bo xmc c|efnxebi ic`bxenxebiv hs|ei` xmc fbs|vc
bo xmc ucn| gedcpevc |ccfxch' q|cfevcgu' xmev hegckkn' pexm xmc fbihexebingexu
bo geoxei` xmc HQ\D o|bk xmc xc||b|evk gevxeo ex kcx |c~se|ckcixv ob| n
c|efnxebi q|bxbfbg|ceiob|fei` xmc ~scvxebi bo pmc|c nv n qbgexefng nih
heqgbknxef ~scvxebi xmc lngnifc lcxpcci x|svx nih c|efnxebi vmbsgh ongg) Eo
xmc ic`bxenxebiv n|c eixcihch xb f|cnxc xmc gn|`c| vcx bo heqgbknxef nih qbgexefngfbihexebiv xmnx ke`mx xmci gcnh xb hcisfgcn|eznxebi gnxc|' xmci vboxciei` bi xmc
vqcfefv bo xmc c|efnxebi q|bxbfbg ibp' pexm xmc eixcix xmnx nhhexebing kcnvs|cv
pegg lc eix|bhsfch nx n gnxc| -nih kb|c nffcqxnlgc% qbeix' knxxc|v gcvv xmni eo xmc
sgxeknxc inxs|c bo ic`bxenxebiv ev hcisfgcn|eznxebi ngbic' ei pmefm fnvc |blsvx
c|efnxebi ibp ev f|sfeng) Xmc ekkchenxc vngecifc bc| fbifc|iv nlbsx fmcnxei`
nih c|efnxebi' pmegc f|exefng xb nhh|cvv ei cexmc| fnvc' ev fgcn|gu cgcnxch ei xmc
fbixc}x bo n vx|ne`mx ibiq|bgeoc|nxebi hcng)
Heooc|cix fbifcqxsng fnxc`b|ecv nlbsx xmc sgxeknxc qs|qbvc bo ic`bxenxebiv'kb|cbc|' mnc ve`ieoefnix ekqgefnxebiv ob| vx|sfxs|ei` xmc vc~scifei`'
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
14/17
>< S)V)Db|cn Nfnhckef Vukqbvesk
fbihexebiv' nih |cpn|hv lsegx eixb xmc heqgbknxef q|bfcvv nih' pexmbsx fgn|exu'
ein|enlgu f|cnxc n vcx bo ic`bxenxebiv pmc|c heooc|cix qn|xecv knu lc pb|dei`
nx f|bvv+qs|qbvcv)
Xmev sifc|xneixu ev os|xmc| fbkqgefnxch lu xmc vxegg+gei`c|ei` coocfxv bo gc`nfecv
bo ic`bxenxebiv qnvx) Pmnxcc| fmni`cv xmc|c mnc lcci ei Lsvm nhkeievx|nxebi
qbgefu veifc
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
15/17
Vmeoxei` Vx|nxc`ef nih Qbgexefng \cgnxebiv pexm xmc Db|cnv >6
cbgchpexm n ksgxegnxc|ng nqq|bnfm nih fbixc}x ob| n vsvxneich nih he|cfx
legnxc|ng coob|x nih pexm vcqn|nxc x|nfdv ob| heooc|cix lnvdcxv bo evvscv nih xmc
gedcvcckv xb vs``cvx xmnx' eo ekqgckcixch |e`mx nih pexm n gexxgc gcn|iei`' xmc
q|bfcvv knu ucx q|bc ngsc nv xmc |e`mx cmefgc ob| `ciseic q|b`|cvv hbpi xmcgeic)
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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8/3/2019 No Hugging, No Learning: Taking Stock of 2008 by Michael Schiffer
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