Download - No till pumpkin production - presley
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No‐till pumpkin production using cover crops in the Great Plains:
soil health and fruit yield
Cathryn J. Davis, DeAnn Presley, Peter Tomlinson, Cary Rivard, Jason Griffin,
Kim Oxley
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Introduction
• Demonstrate effectiveness of using cover crops in pumpkin production
• Assess the impact of different cover crop species on soil health measured by:– Soil aggregation (water stable aggregates)– Microbial biomass carbon
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Pumpkins and Soil Health• U.S. per capita consumption of pumpkins is 2.4 kg (USDA‐ERS, 2014)
• 400 ha of pumpkins grown per year in Kansas, important in agri‐tourism
• Challenge: Are there practices that can benefit soil health while maximizing horticultural crop yields?
(Pieper et al., 2015, HortScience)
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Locations & Treatments1. Conventional Tillage2. Rye3. Rye / Pea4. Rye / Hairy Vetch5. Rye / Canola6. Rye / Hairy Vetch / Canola7. Oats8. Oats / Pea
• Plot size 9.1 x 18.3 m2
• RCBD 3 replications • 2 locations, 3 years
– K‐State Horticulture Research & Extension Center, Olathe KS
– J.C. Pair Horticulture Center, Haysville KS (south of Wichita)
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Field operations and methods• Fall 2012 study established in conventionally tilled fields
• Study area rototilled• Fall covers were planted, spring covers were planted
• Cover crops roller crimped• Pumpkins transplanted into residue
– Thus, the pumpkins were no‐tilled
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John C. Pair Center
Early Spring Cover Crop Growth
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Late Spring Cover Crop (Prior to termination)
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Pumpkin no‐till planted into cover crop residue
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Harvest (prior to fall tillage)
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Methods, continued• After the pumpkins are picked, we collect soil samples
• Then the entire field is thoroughly tilled up• Then the fall covers are planted in certain plots• In spring, the covers are planted• Late spring: all covers are rolled, and the conventional treatment is rototilled again
• Then pumpkins are planted no‐till
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Methods
• Sampled twice per year• Spring: after pumpkins are transplanted• Fall: immediately after pumpkin harvest• Infiltration, bulk density (0‐5 and 5‐10 cm)• Wet aggregate stability (Kemper and Rosenau)• Microbial biomass C* and dissolved OC
*Chloroform fumigation extraction
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0123456
Olathe Fall 13
0123456
Wichita Fall 13
Soil Physical Properties Mean Weight Diameter (mm)
p = 0.72 p = 0.88
One‐way analysis of variance with treatment as the variable
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0123456
Wichita Spring 14
0123456
Olathe Spring 14
Soil Physical Properties Mean Weight Diameter (mm)
p = 0.67 p < 0.05
B BAB A
AAAA
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0123456
Olathe Fall 14
0123456
Wichita Fall 14
Soil Physical Properties Mean Weight Diameter (mm)
p = 0.29 p = 0.12
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0123456
Wichita Spring 15
0123456
Olathe Spring 15
Soil Physical PropertiesMean Weight Diameter (mm)
p < 0.03 p < .0001
A AAAA AA
B
A
CDABCD
ABCABBCDD
AB
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0123456
Olathe Fall 15
0123456
Wichita Fall 15
Soil Physical Properties Mean Weight Diameter (mm)
p = 0.11 p < 0.01
A AAAA AA
B
Olathe 1/5 and Wichita 3/5 samplings: Cover crops better structureSpring: More differences than FallStructure improving over time?
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b
aa a a
b
b
a
bb b b
a
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
>4.75 2.00 to4.75
1.00 to2.00
0.50 to1.00
0.25 to0.50
<0.25 TotalAg (%)
MWD
Water Stable Ag
gregates
(%)
Size Fraction (mm)
Olathe Fall 2015
No cover Cover
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Microbial Biomass Carbon (μg C g‐1soil)
050
100150200250300350400
Olathe Fall 2013
p = 0.42
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050
100150200250300350400
Wichita Spring 2014
050
100150200250300350400
Olathe Spring 2014
Microbial Biomass Carbon (μg C g‐1soil)
p = 0.48 p = 0.19
Both sites: Cover vs. no cover was significant
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050
100150200250300350400
Wichita Fall 2014
050
100150200250300350400
Olathe Fall 2014
Microbial Biomass Carbon (μg C g‐1soil)
p = 0.51 p = 0.93
Olathe: Cover vs. no cover was significant
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050
100150200250300350400
Olathe Spring 2015
Microbial Biomass Carbon (μg C g‐1soil)
p = 0.40 p = 0.52
050
100150200250300350400
Wichita Spring 2015Neither site: no significant difference for cover or no cover
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050
100150200250300350400
Wichita Fall 2015
050
100150200250300350400
Olathe Fall 2015
Microbial Biomass Carbon (μg C g‐1soil)
p = 0.99 p = 0.53
Neither site: no significant difference for cover or no cover
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Olathe Fruit Yield (Mg ha‐1) 2013
0102030405060
P < 0.03
A ABBC C BCBC BC BC
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Olathe Fruit Yield (Mg ha‐1) 2013 – 2014
0102030405060
2013 2014
P<0.22P < 0.03
A ABBCC
BCBC BC BC
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Olathe Fruit Yield (Mg ha‐1) 2013 – 2015
0102030405060
2013 2014 2015
p = 0.34P = 0.22P < 0.03
A ABBCC
BCBC BC BC
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Wichita Fruit Yield (Mg ha‐1) 2013
0102030405060
2013
p < 0.001
AB AABC ABC
ABCBC
D
C
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Wichita Fruit Yield (Mg ha‐1) 2013 ‐2014
0102030405060
2013 2014
p = 0.20p < 0.001
AB AABC ABC
ABCBC
D
C
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Results and Conclusions• Relative to the control, cover crops improved soil aggregation, 2‐3 years into the study– And all plots are rototilled after harvest
• 4 out of 5 site years, no fruit yield penalty for no‐tilling pumpkins into rolled cover crops
• Lessons learned: Pumpkins needed to be fertigated, cover crops need timely termination, pumpkins should be rotated with other crops to break weed and disease cycles
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Acknowledgements
• Brett Lynn, Sarah Tatarko, Taylor Fischer, Peter Tomlinson, Cary Rivard, Kimberly Oxley, Jason Griffin, DeAnn Presley
• Development and Adoption of No‐Till and Minimum Tillage Vegetable Production Systems in the Great Plains. National Conservation Innovation Grant, September 1, 2012 – September 1, 2015. $221,282.
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Olathe Fruit Yield (Mg/ha‐1) 2013 – 2015
p < 0.34P<0.22P < 0.03
0510152025303540
2013
0510152025303540
2014
0510152025303540
Tillage Rye
Rye / P
eaRye / V
etch
Rye / C
anola
Rye/Ve
tch/Can…
Oats
Oats /
Winter…
2015
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2013‐2014 Wichita Fruit Yield (Mg/ha‐1)
0102030405060
2013
0102030405060
2014
p < 0.001 p < 0.20
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Soil Biological PropertiesMicrobial Biomass Carbon
p < 0.48 p < 0.19
0
50
100
150
200
250
Microbial Biomass Ca
rbon
(μg C g‐1 soil)
Spring 2014 Wichita Olathe
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Soil Biological PropertiesMicrobial Biomass Carbon
0
50
100
150
200
250
Microbial Biomass Ca
rbon
(μg C g‐1 soil)
Fall 2014Wichita Olathe
p < 0.51 p < 0.93