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Polymer Physics
Hans Christian Öttinger
Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
Nonequilibrium Thermodynamicsfor Mathematicians
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Polymer Physics
• Part 1 – Mathematics Thermodynamics
• Part 2 – Geometric Structure of Thermodynamics
• Part 3 – Boundary Thermodynamics
• Part 4 – Dissipative Quantum Systems
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Polymer Physics
• Part 1 – Mathematics Thermodynamics
• Part 2 – Geometric Structure of Thermodynamics
• Part 3 – Boundary Thermodynamics useful
• Part 4 – Dissipative Quantum Systems playful
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Polymer Physics
• Part 1 – Mathematics Thermodynamics
• Part 2
• Part 3
• Part 4
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Polymer Physics
equations
beauty
mathematics thermodynamics
P.A.M. Dirac: “This result is too beautiful to be false; it ismore important to have beauty in one's equations than tohave them fit experiment.” (Scientific American, May 1963)
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Polymer Physics
qualitative behavior of solutionsexistence & uniqueness of solutions
equations
beauty
mathematics thermodynamics
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Polymer Physics
qualitative behavior of solutionsexistence & uniqueness of solutions
equations
beauty
mathematics thermodynamics
nonequilibrium thermodynamics
provides prerequisites for proofs
via thermodynamic structuregeometric structures
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Polymer Physics
• Part 1 – Mathematics Thermodynamics
• Part 2 – Geometric Structure of Thermodynamics
• Part 3
• Part 4
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Polymer Physics
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Polymer Physics
GENERIC Structure
General equation for the nonequilibrium reversible-irreversible coupling
dAdt------- A H,{ } A S,[ ]+=
{A,B} antisymmetric, [A,B] Onsager/Casimir symmetric, positive-semidefinite Jacobi identity
S A,{ } 0= H A,[ ] 0=
H(x) energy
S(x) entropy
Poisson bracket Dissipative bracket
metriplectic structure (P. J. Morrison, 1986)
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Polymer Physics
Physics of the Dissipative Bracket
D1
2Δt--------- Δx( )2 =cf.
EinsteinA B,[ ] 1
2kBτ------------ ΔτA
f ΔτB
f =
Frictional properties are related to time-dependent fluctuations:
τ1 τ2
dSdt------ S S,[ ]=
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Polymer Physics
• Part 1 – Mathematics Thermodynamics
• Part 2 – Geometric Structure of Thermodynamics
• Part 3 – Boundary Thermodynamics
• Part 4
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Polymer Physics
References/Acknowledgments
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of transport through moving interfaces with applicationto bubble growth and collapse
Hans Christian Öttinger*Department of Materials, Polymer Physics, ETH Zürich, HCI H 543, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
Dick Bedeaux†
Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norwayand Department of Process and Energy, Technical University of Delft, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands
David C. Venerus‡
Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 10 West 33rd Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, USA�Received 23 March 2009; published 21 August 2009�
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 80, 021606 �2009�
hco, Phys. Rev. E 73 (2006) 036126See also:
A.N. Beris & hco, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 152 (2008) 2hco, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 152 (2008) 66
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Polymer Physics
Boundary Thermodynamics
3d variables
2d variables
time evolution
time evolution
sourcesboundaryconditions
distance from interface
conc
entr
atio
n
excess at interface
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Polymer Physics
Boundary Thermodynamics
3d variables
2d variables
time evolution
time evolution
sourcesboundaryconditions
Conditions at the boundary vs. boundary conditions!
distance from interface
conc
entr
atio
n
excess at interface
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Polymer Physics
Example: Diffusion Cell
System: Solute particle number densities
• P in the bulk
• p at the wall
δSδP------ kB
PP0------ ,ln–=
δSδp------ kB
pp0-----ln–=
kB A B,[ ] Db∂∂r-----δA
δP------ ∂
∂r-----δB
δP------⋅ P 3rd
V Ds∂∂r-----δA
δp------ ∂
∂r-----δB
δp------⋅ p 2rd
W+=
νsδAδp------ ΩδA
δP------–
δBδp------ ΩδB
δP------– p 2rd
W+ Ω 1=νs: ad/desorption rate
Brenner & Ganesan, Phys. Rev. E 61 (2000) 6879hco, Phys. Rev. E 73 (2006) 036126
wall
wall
reservoir(P1)
reservoir(P2)V
W
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Polymer Physics
Diffusion Cell: Results
A S,[ ] δAδP------ dP
dt-------
irr
3rd⋅V
δAδp------ dp
dt------
irr
2rd⋅W Jirr
A 2rd∂V+ +=
dPdt------- ∂
∂r----- Db
∂P∂r------⋅=
dpdt------ ∂
∂r----- Ds
∂p∂r------⋅ n Db
∂P∂r------⋅–=
n– Db∂P∂r------⋅ νsp HP
p--------ln=
boundary condition on wall:evolution equations:
H p0 P0⁄=characteristic length scale
open boundaries: wall:JirrA δA
δP------n Db
∂P∂r------⋅–= Jirr
A0=
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Polymer Physics
Moving Boundaries
Challenge: How to match the chain ruleand thermodynamic evolution equations?
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Polymer Physics
Moving Boundaries
Challenge: How to match the chain ruleand thermodynamic evolution equations?
A B,{ }mint ∂as
∂Ms---------- n b
gb
g–( ) b
lb
l–( )– b
sb
s–( ) ∂
∂r ------- n⋅+ d
2r⋅
I A B↔( )–=
=
bg
ρg ∂
∂ρg
---------- Mg ∂
∂Mg-----------⋅ s
g ∂
∂sg
---------+ + b
g=
bg
bg
ρg ρg
Mg Mg
sg
sg
εg εgp
g+
mass momentum entropy
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Polymer Physics
Bubble growth in a supersaturated liquid for different solute release rates
bubble size interfacial driving force
deviation from Henry’s law: c R( ) Kpg ξgl
m kB⁄
exp=
hco, D. Bedeaux, and D.C. Venerus, Phys. Rev. E 80 (2009) 021606
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Polymer Physics
Next Steps
• Local equilibrium and gauge invariance
• Free boundaries
• Viscoelastic interfaces
• More general relations between bulk and boundary variables
• Variables characterizing the geometry of interfaces
• Functional calculus
• Statistical mechanics
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Polymer Physics
• Part 1 – Mathematics Thermodynamics
• Part 2 – Geometric Structure of Thermodynamics
• Part 3 – Boundary Thermodynamics
• Part 4 – Dissipative Quantum Systems
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Polymer Physics
References
PHYSICAL REVIEW A 82, 052119 (2010)
Nonlinear thermodynamic quantum master equation: Properties and examples
Hans Christian Ottinger*
ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Polymer Physics, HCI H 543, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland(Received 5 April 2010; revised manuscript received 26 August 2010; published 29 November 2010)
The quantum master equation obtained from two different thermodynamic arguments is seriously nonlinear. Weargue that, for quantum systems, nonlinearity occurs naturally in the step from reversible to irreversible equationsand we analyze the nature and consequences of the nonlinear contribution. The thermodynamic nonlinearitynaturally leads to canonical equilibrium solutions and extends the range of validity to lower temperatures. Wediscuss the Markovian character of the thermodynamic quantum master equation and introduce a solution strategybased on coupled evolution equations for the eigenstates and eigenvalues of the density matrix. The general ideasare illustrated for the two-level system and for the damped harmonic oscillator. Several conceptual implicationsof the nonlinearity of the thermodynamic quantum master equation are pointed out, including the absence of aHeisenberg picture and the resulting difficulties with defining multitime correlations.
hco, Europhys. Lett. 93 (2011) in press, epl13417See also:
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Polymer Physics
Quantum dissipation is a hot topic!
But:
How can quantum degrees of freedom appear in thermodynamics?
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Polymer Physics
Quantum dissipation is a hot topic!
But:
How can quantum degrees of freedom appear in thermodynamics?
quantumsystem
classicalenvironmentweak coupling
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Polymer Physics
P.A.M. Dirac: “We should thus expect to find that important conceptsin classical mechanics correspond to important concepts in quantummechanics, and, from an understanding of the general nature of theanalogy between classical and quantum mechanics, we may hope toget laws and theorems in quantum mechanics appearing as simplegeneralizations of well-known results in classical mechanics”(The Principles of Quantum Mechanics)
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Polymer Physics
P.A.M. Dirac: “We should thus expect to find that important conceptsin classical mechanics correspond to important concepts in quantummechanics, and, from an understanding of the general nature of theanalogy between classical and quantum mechanics, we may hope toget laws and theorems in quantum mechanics appearing as simplegeneralizations of well-known results in classical mechanics”(The Principles of Quantum Mechanics)
The order of performing measurements mattersObservables do not commuteCommutators matter in quantum mechanics
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Polymer Physics
P.A.M. Dirac: “We should thus expect to find that important conceptsin classical mechanics correspond to important concepts in quantummechanics, and, from an understanding of the general nature of theanalogy between classical and quantum mechanics, we may hope toget laws and theorems in quantum mechanics appearing as simplegeneralizations of well-known results in classical mechanics”(The Principles of Quantum Mechanics)
The order of performing measurements mattersObservables do not commuteCommutators matter in quantum mechanics
Poisson bracket commutator
A B,{ } A B,[ ]q AB BA–= =ih
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Polymer Physics
GENERIC: From Classical to Quantum Systems
Poisson bracket
commutator
A B,[ ]q AB BA–=
A B,{ }
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Polymer Physics
GENERIC: From Classical to Quantum Systems
Poisson bracket
commutator
A B,[ ]q AB BA–=
A B,{ }
dissipative bracket
A B,[ ]
?
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Polymer Physics
GENERIC: From Classical to Quantum Systems
Poisson bracket
commutator
A B,[ ]q AB BA–=
A B,{ }
dissipative bracket
canonical correlationof commutators
A B,[ ]
A Q,[ ]q; B Q,[ ]q ρ
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Polymer Physics
GENERIC: From Classical to Quantum Systems
Poisson bracket
commutator
A B,[ ]q AB BA–=
A B,{ }
dissipative bracket
canonical correlationof commutators
A B,[ ]
A Q,[ ]q; B Q,[ ]q ρ
A;B ρ tr ρλAρ1 λ–
B( ) λd0
1
=canonical correlation (Kubo):
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Polymer Physics
dρdt------ i
h--- ρ H,[ ] 1
kB------ He Se,[ ]
xQ Q H,[ ]ρ,[ ] He He,[ ]
xQ Q ρ,[ ],[ ]––=
Nonlinear Thermodynamic Quantum Master Equation
Quantum subsystem:
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Polymer Physics
dρdt------ i
h--- ρ H,[ ] 1
kB------ He Se,[ ]
xQ Q H,[ ]ρ,[ ] He He,[ ]
xQ Q ρ,[ ],[ ]––=
Nonlinear Thermodynamic Quantum Master Equation
Quantum subsystem:
Aρ ρλAρ1 λ– λd
0
1
=
nonlinearity
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Polymer Physics
Nonlinear Thermodynamic Quantum Master Equation
Quantum subsystem:
dρdt------ i
h--- ρ H,[ ] 1
kB------ He Se,[ ]
xQ Q H,[ ]ρ,[ ] He He,[ ]
xQ Q ρ,[ ],[ ]––=
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Polymer Physics
Nonlinear Thermodynamic Quantum Master Equation
Quantum subsystem:
Heat bath: H. Grabert, Z. Phys. B 49 (1982) 161
dρdt------ i
h--- ρ H,[ ] 1
kB------ He Se,[ ]
xQ Q H,[ ]ρ,[ ] He He,[ ]
xQ Q ρ,[ ],[ ]––=
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Polymer Physics
Nonlinear Thermodynamic Quantum Master Equation
Quantum subsystem:
Heat bath: H. Grabert, Z. Phys. B 49 (1982) 161
Quantum regression hypothesis:
dρdt------ iLρ–=
Heisenberg picture A t( ),B[ ] ρ tr AeiLt–
B ρ,[ ]( )=
fluctuation-dissipation theorem A t( ),B[ ] ρh
kTe--------tr Ae
iLt–LBρ( )=
dρdt------ i
h--- ρ H,[ ] 1
kB------ He Se,[ ]
xQ Q H,[ ]ρ,[ ] He He,[ ]
xQ Q ρ,[ ],[ ]––=
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Polymer Physics
Nonlinear Thermodynamic Quantum Master Equation
dρdt------ i
h--- ρ H,[ ] 1
kB------ He Se,[ ]
xQ Q H,[ ]ρ,[ ] He He,[ ]
xQ Q ρ,[ ],[ ]––=
Quantum subsystem:
plus feedback equationfor the evolution of the classical environment
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Polymer Physics
Dissipative Quantum Sytems
Nonlinear master equation for the quantum subsystem
Feedback contribution for the evolution of the classical environment
• stays symmetric and positive-semidefinite
• Canonical equilibrium solutions
• Validity at low temperatures (for weak dissipation)
• Modifies the usual but incorrect “quantum regression hypothesis” (H. Grabert, 1982)
ρ t( )
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Polymer Physics
Take-Home Messages
• There exists a (beautiful) geometric formulation of classical nonequilibrium thermodynamics (far away from equilibrium!)
• Boundary thermodynamics allows us to model conditions (physics) at the boundaries (and provides boundary conditions)
• The generalization to dissipative quantum systems by Dirac’s method of classical analogy is supported nicely by the geometric formulation
• We obtain a (beautiful) nonlinear quantum master equation (plus an equation for the environment)
• Environments and couplings of enormous generality can be handled, including open environments
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Polymer Physics
ih A B,{ } A B,[ ]q AB BA–= =
equations
beauty
mathematics thermodynamics
dAdt------- A H,{ } A S,[ ]+=
A Q,( ); B Q,( ) ρ
3d variables
2d variables
time evolution
time evolution
sourcesboundaryconditions