Download - Normative & Descriptive Approaches to Work Analysis Psych 562 Week 3 Discussion Shane Davis
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Normative & Descriptive Approaches to Work Analysis
Psych 562 Week 3 DiscussionShane Davis
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Work Analysis
• Systematic investigation of work, jobs, and the relationships among jobs
• Three categories– Normative• “What should be”
– Descriptive• “What is”
– Formative• “What could be”
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Normative Approach
• How the system “should” behave• Example: Task analysis– Input/Output• “Black box”
– Sequential Flow• Step-by-step
– Timeline• Remember GOMS?
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A Real-World Analogy
Input/Output Sequential Flow / Timeline
“What should be done”“What shouldn’t be done”
Inputs:Miles traveled since last fill-up
Gallons at this fill-up
Output:Gas consumption rate (Km/L)
Constraints:1 mile = 1.609 Km
1 gallon = 3.785 Liters
1. Read current odometer value (2 sec)2. Read odometer value at last fill-up (2 sec)3. Calculate difference (5 sec)4. Multiply by 1.609 (5 sec)5. Let this value equal X6. Read gallons at this fill-up (2 sec)7. Multiply by 3.785 (5 sec)8. Let this value equal Y9. Divide X by Y (5 sec)
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Task Analysis:Constraints Vs. Instructions
Constraints• Less detailed
– More worker discretion• Health benefits
• Less guidance– Greater risk of error
• Accommodates variability– More learning opportunities
• More device-independent– Fewer assumptions
Instructions• More detailed
– Less worker discretion• Health risks
• More guidance– Lesser risk of error
• Little room for variability– Fewer learning opportunities
• More device-dependent– More assumptions
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The Problem With Instruction:The Task-Artifact Cycle
Because instruction-based analyses are relatively device-dependent, any change to the device designs affects workers’
tasks, subsequently necessitating new device designs, etc.
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Closed and Open Systems
• Closed system = predictable; isolated from environment– Does a truly closed system actually exist?
• Open system = dynamic; susceptible to environmental disturbances– Context-conditioned variability– Examples?
• Continuum, not a dichotomy– The more open a system is, the less appropriate
instruction-based analyses are
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Work Domain Analysis:Shifting Focus from Task to Structure
Task Analysis(Event Dependent)
Work Domain Analysis(Event Independent)
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What to Take from Normative Analyses
• Instruction-based analyses, while common, aren’t well-suited for complex open systems
• Constraint-based analyses allow for worker discretion and device independence– Cannot account for novel situations and events• But work domain analysis can
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Descriptive Approach
• Normative = “ideal”• Descriptive = “real”– What do workers actually do in practice?• Task vs. activity
– Field studies• Is one of these approaches better?
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Why Descriptive?
• Can lead to unique insights• Examine how theory matches up with reality– Context-conditioned variability– Communication and teamwork– Tools and artifacts– History and culture– Expertise
• Normative is not enough
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Descriptive is Not Enough
Our observations of real-world practices are device dependent and can lead us to conflate “workaround”
and “functional” actions while overlooking novel possibilities that may address intrinsic constraints.
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Descriptive is Not Enough
Techniques such as rapid prototyping can help overcome the limitations of a descriptive approach, but they are still subject to the task-artifact cycle, are bound
by creativity, and cannot predict unique events.
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Possible Solution: Modeling
• Model intrinsic work constraints– E.g. Traffic regulations; laws of physics– NOT issues with current design(s)
• Why model?– Synthesize data– Make predictions
• Of course, not always feasible
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Summary
• Normative and descriptive approaches are both useful but not independently sufficient
• Work analysis should include:– Constraint-based analyses– Work domain analyses– Expertise, historical/cultural factors, etc.
• By integrating idealistic goals with current practices we can develop formative approaches– Design as an output, not an input
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Thank you!
• Questions, comments, etc.