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NSCC EUT 102
Intro to Energy Utility Industry
This product was funded by a grant awarded under the President’s Community-Based Job Training Grants as implemented by the U.S. department of labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The information contained in this product was created by a grantee organization and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of labor. All references to non-governmental companies or organizations, their services, products, or resources are offered for informational purposes and should not be construed as an endorsement by the Department of Labor. This product is copyrighted by the institution that created it and is intended for individual, organizational, non-commercial use only.
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Section1INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
• The Energy Sector• History• Frontiers
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Sec 1 – Energy Sector
$ 224,247,558,000 That’s 224 Billion Dollars………A Year
Total Annual Industry Revenues from Sales
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Sec 1 – Energy Sector
Types of Electric Utility
• Investor Owned Utilities (IOU’s)
• Public (Municipals, Regionals etc.)
• Cooperatives
• Federal
73.7 %
15.6 %
9.2%
1.5%
% of National Sales
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Sec 1 – Energy Sector
Types of Electric Utility
• Investor Owned Utilities (IOU’s)
• Public (Municipals, Regionals etc.)
• Cooperatives
• Federal
240
2009
894
9
Number of Utilities
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Section 1 - History
BCEGreeks
Thales of Miletus – 600 BCE
Amber takes on charges
Theophrastus – 300BCEOther materials
charge also
1600’s
William GilbertCoins the word ELECTRIC
from “electron” Greek for amber
Otto von Guerickefirst machine to produce electric charge - crank driven sulfur ball
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Section 1 - History
1700’sBenjamin Franklin- mid 1700’s
“Leyden Jar”/Lightning• Atmospheric electricity is identical with electrostatic
charge produces in laboratory Leyden jar
• Theory that electricity is a “fluid” contained in all matterand it’s effects are due to an excess or shortage of said “fluid”
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Section 1 - History1700’s continued
Joseph Priestly- 1766• experimentally proved force of charge varied inversely with the
square of distance between chargesCharles Augustin de Coulomb• Invented a torsion balance to accurately measure force of electric
chargesFaraday• Theory of electric lines of forceLuigi Galvani• Electric current experiment – frog leg muscle contractionsAlessandro Volta – 1800• First artificial electrochemical source of electric potential difference
an early form of battery
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Section 1 - History1800’s
Hans Christian Oersted - 1819• Demonstrated that a magnetic field exists around an electric
current flowFaraday - 1831• Proved a current flowing through a coil can induce
electromagnetically a current in a nearby coilThe principle would lead to the development of the transformer
James Joule and Hermann von Helmholtz – 1840• Electric circuits obey the law of conservation of energy• Electricity is a form of energyJames Clerk Maxwell• Investigated properties of electromagnetic waves and light
and developed theory that the two were identical
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Section 1 - History1800 – early 1900’s
Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – 1886• Produced and detected electric waves in the
atmosphereGuglielmo Marconi - 1886• Harness electromagnetic waves to make practical radioHendrick Antoon Lorentz – 1892• Electron theoryRobert Andrews Millikan – 1909• Accurately measured the charge of one electron
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Section 1 - HistoryMajor Players
Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931 (inventor)
• Developed practical light bulb - 1879• Developed electric generating system (DC) - 1882
First large central electric power station in NYCunderground distribution – Pearl St. Station
• Invented the Edison storage battery (alkaline/nickel-iron)high electrical capacity to weight ratio
• Patented over 1000 inventions during lifetime
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Section 1 - HistoryMajor Players continued
Nikola Tesla 1856-1943 (physicist- electrical engineer-inventor)
• Rotating magnetic field principle/AC induction motors• AC transmission system• Polyphase AC( alternating current) System
patents bought by George Westinghouse in 1885included dynamos (generators), transformers and motors
• 1893 Westinghouse uses Tesla’s system to light World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago
• 1896 Tesla’s name and patent numbers on Niagara Falls machinery and power plant to supply Buffalo NY
• 1891 Invented the Tesla Coil (used still in modern electronics)• Worked with primitive x-rays, electrical resonance, radio,
fluorescent lighting and much more• Over 700 patents in his name
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Section 1 - HistoryMajor Players continued
Charles Proteus Steinmetz 1865-1923 (electric engineer, mathematician and inventor)
• Invented commercially successful AC electric motor• Developed AC theory ( a new technical language for engineers)
calculate and manage values for AC using “complex” numbers• Advanced the study of magnetism (hysteresis)
applied in the efficient design of electro-mechanical machinery• Study and theory of electrical transients (ex. Lightning, switching
surges )• Developed a generator that could discharge 10,000 Amps and more
than 100,000 voltsequivalent to a million horsepower(hp) for 1/100,000 of a second
• 1922 –Steinmetz Electric Motor Car Co.• Over 200 patents
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Section 1 - Frontiers• For years thought of as one of the most powerful monopolistic
enterprises, the electric utility industry since the early 1990’s has been undergoing significant , albeit gradual, structural change
• Changes underway will lead this iconic industry down a path towards an end that cannot yet be seen
• At issue in the restructuring of the industry is an increase in the competition in the generation and retail sales components
• Structurally, this reorganization will change the way electricity is priced, traded and marketed in the USA
• New technologies in generation, transmission and distribution will combine with infrastructure changes needed to comply with the new business model
• The challenge will be maintaining reliability and costs to consumers during this reformation while maintaining the goals of reducing environmental degradation and reducing foreign fuel dependence