Download - NSTA Web Seminar: The Heat is On! Climate Change and Coral Reef Ecosystems Ocean Acidification
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NSTA Web Seminar:
The Heat is On! Climate Change and Coral Reef Ecosystems
Ocean Acidification
Presented by Dr. Dwight Gledhill, NOAA
LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
Thursday, April 2, 2009
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Ocean AcidificationWhat it is and what it means…
NSTA Elluminate Web Seminar 2009
Presented by:Dr. Dwight Gledhill
Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory
Assisted on the chat by:Dr. Mark Eakin (Coral Reef Watch)Tyler Christensen (Coral Reef Watch)Paulo Maurin (Coral Reef Conservation Prog.)Bruce Moravchik (NOAA)
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PART IMaking the case for a
Balanced Budget Amendment
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The Growing Challenge of Population & Energy
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http://www.history.com/earth/images/over_population2.jpg
http://www.raisethehammer.org/images/world_population_growth.jpg
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Global “Weirding”
Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)
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420
470
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Global “Weirding”
Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)
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Keeping a Balanced Budget
1 Gt = 1,000,000,000 tons
UNESCO (2006) Updated from Sabine et al (2004), SCOPE 62
Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)
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Keeping a Balanced Budget
Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)
UNESCO (2006) Updated from Sabine et al (2004), SCOPE 62
1 Gt = 1,000,000,000 tons
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Let’s Pause for Two Questions.
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PART IIOcean Acidification
That “Other” CO2 Problem
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The Basic Chemistry
≈ 48% of anthropogenic
CO2 taken up by the ocean
CO2
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The Basic Chemistry
≈ ≈ 48% of 48% of anthropogenic anthropogenic
COCO2 2 taken up by the taken up by the
oceanocean
CO2
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The Basic Chemistry
≈ ≈ 48% of 48% of anthropogenic anthropogenic
COCO2 2 taken up by the taken up by the
oceanocean
CO2
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Poll QuestionBased on the previous equation, if the CO2
concentration increases what will happen to the pH?
A) pH goes up (become more basic)
B) pH goes down (becomes more acidic)
C) pH stays the same due to buffering action
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The Basic Chemistry
pH
CO32-
CO2(aq)
Wolf-Gladrow et al., 1999
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The Basic Chemistry
pH
CO32-
CO2(aq)
Wolf-Gladrow et al., 1999
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Derived surface (50 m) values obtained using on-line data available at http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot-dogs/ and solved using the Lewis E. and Wallace D.W.R. (1998) Basic program for CO2 system in seawater. ORNL/CDIAC-105, Oak Ridge National Lab
NOAA CMDL CCGG CO2 data at Mauna Loa, HI
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Plant/Animal/Mineral
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Reef Community
Slide after of Joan Kleypas, NCAR
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Poll Question
What is currently considered the primary threat posed to coral reefs by "Ocean Acidification"? A) corals will dissolve B) reef growth will be compromised C) corals will expel their zooxanthellae D) there will be fewer fish E) coral will grow too quickly
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A) corals will dissolve
B) reef growth will be compromised
C) corals will expel their zooxanthellae
D) there will be fewer fish
E) coral will grow too quickly
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Let’s Pause for Two Questions.
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PART III
My Favorite Greek Letter
What it means and where it’s going…
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Saturation State ()
W>1precipitation1dissolution
Ca2 CO32 CaCO3
phasesp
phase K
COCa
,
23
2
Saturation state describes the degree to which a solution is saturated with respect to a mineral phase
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Important Benthic Calcifiers
NOAA SW Ross
Impacts of Increasing Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Future Research, 2006
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Coccolithophores
T. Tyrrel
Forams
Important Planktonic Calcifiers
H. Spero
C. Farmer
Images courtesy of Joan Kleypas, NCAR
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Carbonate Shells Provide Many Functions
D. Lea
P. Harrison
T Hughes
Slide courtesy of Joan Kleypas, NCAR
1. Protection
2. Buoyancy
3. Light modification
4. Reproduction
5. Anchoring to the substrate
6. Extension above the bottom
7. Competition for space
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after Feely et al (in press) with Modeled Saturation Levels from Orr et al (2005)
Predictions of Ocean Acidification in the Global Oceans
Aragonite Saturation State
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after Feely et al (in press) with Modeled Saturation Levels from Orr et al (2005)
Aragonite Saturation State
Predictions of Ocean Acidification in the Global Oceans
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PART IV
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Biosphere 2
Aquaria/Mesocosms
SHARQ
Measured responses of marine calcifying organisms to increased pCO2
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Ocean Acidification: Impacts on Corals and Reefs
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CalcificationBioerosion
Dissolution
Coral Reef “Growth” in the Balance
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Coral Reef “Growth” in the Balance
Calcification
Bioerosion
Dissolution
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Let’s Pause for Two Questions.
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PART V
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0.6
0.4
0.2
0.08.0 8.4
7.85 7.95
7.60 7.70
Frac
tion
Blea
ched
pH
380
ppm
520
– 70
0 pp
m
1000
– 1
300
ppm
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The Eastern Tropical Pacific goes Global?
Should atmospheric CO2 levels achieve 550 ppm most tropical coral reefs will reside in waters akin to the Tropical East Pacific
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Let’s Pause for Two Questions.
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PART VITrouble comes in….
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Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems
Mapped distribution of known deep(cold)-water coral
Freiwald, A 2004; http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/management_resources/ environment/destructive/problem_en.htm
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“Living on the Edge”of the
Aragonite Saturation Horizon
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www.co2.ulg.ac.be
Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH)
Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems
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www.co2.ulg.ac.be
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1765
Guinotte et al., 2006
95% of deep-sea coral above ASH
surface
Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH)
Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems
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www.co2.ulg.ac.be
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1995
Guinotte et al., 2006
surface
Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH)
Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems
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www.co2.ulg.ac.be
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2060
Guinotte et al., 2006
surface
Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH)
Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems
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www.co2.ulg.ac.be
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2099
Guinotte et al., 200625% of deep-sea coral above ASH
surface
Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH)
Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems
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Let’s Pause for Two Questions.
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PART VII
What we don’t know …
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The Big Questions Remain?
•Effects on Ocean Food Webs?
•Effect on Coral Reef Ecosystems?
•Species Adaptation?
•Climate Feedbacks?
•Increased Ocean Stratification?
•Terrestrial Input?
•Physiological Mechanisms?
•Carbonate chemistry on reefs?
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Atlantic Ocean Acidification Test-bed: A nexus of monitoring a research OA activities in the Greater Caribbean uniting autonomous and discrete sampling platforms in concert with process and modeling studies. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/coastal/LaParguera/La_Parguera_main.htm.
NOAA PMEL MAPCO2 (Jan, 2009)
USGSSHARQ Mesocosm(March, 2009)
NOAA AOML ICON (Jan, 2006)
Columbia Univ.boundary layer flux machine (Feb, 2009)
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Atlantic Ocean Acidification Test-bed: A nexus of monitoring a research OA activities in the Greater Caribbean uniting autonomous and discrete sampling platforms in concert with process and modeling studies. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/coastal/LaParguera/La_Parguera_main.htm.
NOAA PMEL MAPCO2 (Jan, 2009)
USGSSHARQ Mesocosm(March, 2009)
NOAA AOML ICON (Jan, 2006)
Columbia Univ.boundary layer flux machine (Feb, 2009)
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NOAA PMEL MAPCO2 (Jan, 2009)
USGSSHARQ Mesocosm(March, 2009)
NOAA AOML ICON (Jan, 2006)
Columbia Univ.boundary layer flux machine (Feb, 2009)
Atlantic Ocean Acidification Test-bed: A nexus of monitoring a research OA activities in the Greater Caribbean uniting autonomous and discrete sampling platforms in concert with process and modeling studies. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/coastal/LaParguera/La_Parguera_main.htm.
Res
pira
tion
Cal
cific
atio
n
CO2
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NOAA PMEL MAPCO2 (Jan, 2009)
USGSSHARQ Mesocosm(March, 2009)
NOAA AOML ICON (Jan, 2006)
Columbia Univ.boundary layer flux machine (Feb, 2009)
Atlantic Ocean Acidification Test-bed: A nexus of monitoring a research OA activities in the Greater Caribbean uniting autonomous and discrete sampling platforms in concert with process and modeling studies. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/coastal/LaParguera/La_Parguera_main.htm.
Photo
synth
esis
Disso
lutio
n
CO2
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NOAA PMEL MAPCO2 (Jan, 2009)
USGSSHARQ Mesocosm(March, 2009)
NOAA AOML ICON (Jan, 2006)
Columbia Univ.boundary layer flux machine (Feb, 2009)
ar
g
Atlantic Ocean Acidification Test-bed: A nexus of monitoring a research OA activities in the Greater Caribbean uniting autonomous and discrete sampling platforms in concert with process and modeling studies. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/coastal/LaParguera/La_Parguera_main.htm.
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PART VIII
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Some Final Thoughts
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Trajectory of Global Fossil Fuel Emissions
Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS
Recent emissions
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
CO
2 E
mis
sion
s (G
tC y
-1)
5
6
7
8
9
10Actual emissions: CDIACActual emissions: EIA450ppm stabilisation650ppm stabilisationA1FI A1B A1T A2 B1 B2
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100C
O2 E
mis
sion
s (G
tC y
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Actual emissions: CDIAC450ppm stabilisation650ppm stabilisationA1FI A1B A1T A2 B1 B2
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Trajectory of Global Fossil Fuel Emissions
Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS
Recent emissions
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
CO
2 E
mis
sion
s (G
tC y
-1)
5
6
7
8
9
10Actual emissions: CDIACActual emissions: EIA450ppm stabilisation650ppm stabilisationA1FI A1B A1T A2 B1 B2
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100C
O2 E
mis
sion
s (G
tC y
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30Actual emissions: CDIAC450ppm stabilisation650ppm stabilisationA1FI A1B A1T A2 B1 B2
20062005
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Raupach et al 2007, PNAS
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1980
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1980
World
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
F (emissions)P (population)g = G/Ph = F/G
Fact
or (r
elat
ive to
199
0)
EmissionsPopulation
Drivers of Anthropogenic Emissions
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Concluding Remarks
• Ocean Acidification is a direct chemical response to rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2
• There is mounting evidence that such changes in surface ocean chemistry may challenge marine ecosystems this century.
• Coral reefs may prove particularly vulnerable through reduced accretion (growth) rages
• Balance your budget• Reduce, reuse, recycle, • Act on the best available intel
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Special Thanks to for sponsoring this Web Seminar!
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http://www.elluminate.com
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http://learningcenter.nsta.org
NLC screenshot
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National Science Teachers AssociationDr. Francis Q. Eberle, Executive Director
Zipporah Miller, Associate Executive Director Conferences and Programs
Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning
NSTA Web SeminarsPaul Tingler, Director
Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator