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Nursing Migration and theNursing Migration and theGlobal Health Care Global Health Care
EconomyEconomy
Dr Mireille KingmaInternational Council of Nurses
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International MigrationInternational Migration
What do we know?
• 3% of the world’s population
• 191 million people
• 48% female
• Industrialised countries: One out of 10
• International labour market
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GlobalisationGlobalisation Better communication –
access to information
Better transport options
More bi-lateral/multi-lateral trade
agreements
Mutual recognition agreements
Shortage facilitated immigration
International recruitment practices
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Current WorkforceCurrent Workforce
• Industrialised countries• Australia, Canada, UK, US• Switzerland• Ireland
• Developing countries• Cameroon• Ghana• South Africa
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Projected Nurse ShortfallsProjected Nurse Shortfalls
• 2010: Australia – 40,000• 2012: USA – 1 million
• 2016: Canada – 113,000
• 2017:
– Netherlands: 7,000
– Norway: 3,300
– Switzerland: 3,000
(1%-5% of practicing registered workforce)
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Supply and DemandSupply and DemandTypes of migrant nurses
– Economic migrant– Quality-of-life migrant– Career-move migrant– Partner migrant– Adventurer migrant– Survival migrant– Holiday workers– Student migrant– Return migrant
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Nurse ABNurse AB
Country A
Country B
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Migration PathwayMigration Pathway
ServicesGoods
Agencies Institutions
EntrepreneursRegulatory Bodies
Businesses
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Education
• Training for export• Foreign student
– Fees– Language competence– Accommodation/travel/food
• Satellite campuses• Distance learning• Employment provider• Private business investment• Perks: recruitment/retention
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AccreditationAccreditation
• Screening
• Testing
• Supervised clinical placement
• Tutoring
• Placement agencies
• Supervisors
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The Right to WorkThe Right to Work
• Visas– Temporary– Permanent residence
• Employment– Journals– Internet– Diaspora– Individual initiatives– Recruitment agencies
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Spin-Off ServicesSpin-Off Services
• Immigration lawyers
• The move– Persons– Furniture/belongings
• Housing
• Phone services
• Banking services
• Securities
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Exploitation/Fraud• Agency fees• Accommodation
– Quality– Charges
• Visa fraud• Contracts
– False representation– Deskilling– Substitution
• Corruption• Freedom of association
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RemittancesRemittances
• US$300 billion – 2006
• Reaching 10% world’s population– Consumption– Education– Investment
• Drain?
• Gain?
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Brain CirculationBrain Circulation
• Development opportunities
• Employment opportunities
• Business opportunities
• Multicultural nursing-competitive edge
• Positive practice environments
• Innovation
• Dissemination of good practice
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Global Health Care Global Health Care EconomyEconomy
• Direct impact on society and other sectors, incl commerce
• Nurse migration is part of globalization initiatives
• Recruitment and deployment must be regulated
• Self-sustainable workforces• Human rights must be respected