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Nutrition in Syria
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WFP Syria
Basic concepts on Nutrition and current nutritional situation in Syria
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Nutrition
“The intake of food, and the interplay of biological, social, and economic processes that influence the growth, function and repair of the body.”
Nutrition, Food and Nutrient
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Nutritional Status
Nutritional status
Nutrient intakeNutrient
requirements
Body’s ability to digest, absorb and
use nutrients
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Nutrient IntakeNutrient intake refers to the different nutrients taken in by thebody.
Fats
Protein
Carbohydrates
Water
Macronutrients Micronutrients
Vitamins
Macrominerals
Microminerals(“trace elements”)
There are 2 main types of nutrients:
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Nutrient Requirements
The different nutrients needed by the body for energy, growth and repair, and protection from disease.
2’100 Kcal : • MACRONUTRIENTS
> 50% from carbohydrates10 - 13% from proteins< 20 from fat
• MICRONUTRIENTS: Vitamins and minerals
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Nutrient Requirements
Differ according to the age, gender, level of physical activity, height, weight, stage of life, and health status of each individual.
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A Balanced Diet
Drink plenty of water
Vegetables
Fruits
Sugars
Fats and Oils
Meat, Eggs, Fish, Dairy
Staples
A diet that provides an adequate amount and variety of food to meet a person's energy and nutrient requirements for a healthy and active life.
It must be composed of a variety of foods from different food groups:
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Malnutrition
©FAO/Eddie Gerald
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Identifying Those with MalnutritionBelow are 4 children who are the same age. Who do you think may be malnourished?
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Identifying Those with Malnutrition
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What is Malnutrition and What Does it Include?
The term malnutrition :
“Occurs when the nutrient and energy intake does not meet or exceeds an individual’s requirements to maintain growth, immunity and organ function.
Malnutrition includes overweight and obesity, undernutrition, as well as micronutrient deficiencies.”
Malnutrition
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“Body weight that is above normal for height as a result of an excessive accumulation of fat. It is usually a result of excessive food intake relative to dietary nutrient requirements.”
Overweight and obesity
Overweight and obesity
Malnutrition
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Undernutrition
“The outcome of insufficient food intake to meet dietary energy requirements, and/or poor absorption and/or poor biological use of nutrients consumed as a result of repeated infectious disease.
Undernutrition
Overweight and obesity
Malnutrition
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“Lack of vitamins, minerals and/or trace elements required in small amounts which are essential for the proper functioning, growth and metabolism of a living organism.”
Micronutrient deficiencies
Micronutrient deficiencies
UndernutritionOverweight and obesity
Malnutrition
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Types of Undernutrition
Chronic
• Chronic shortage of nutrients or presence of multiple infections
• Occurs over a long period
• Results in stunting
• Irreversible once children are 2 plus
• Adults cannot become stunted
• Is common in underdeveloped but relatively stable settings
Acute
• Acute shortage of food and/or disease
• Recent rapid weight loss
• Results in wasting
• Is reversible
• Children and adults can become wasted
• Typical for emergencies
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Types of Undernutrition
- Chronic Malnutrition: Can be prevented but cannot be treated.
- Acute Malnutrition: Can be prevented and treated.
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Severe Acute Malnutrition in SYRIA
• Is characterised by extreme weight loss, resulting in low weight for height, and/or bilateral oedema.
• High risk of morbidity & mortality
• Global Acute Malnutrition Rate : 7.2%• Northern Syria : Idleb 1.1%, Aleppo 1.3%, Hama 2.4%• Gaps in current data- Besieged and hard to reach areas
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Moderate Acute Malnutrition in SYRIA
• Is characterised by moderate weight loss, not easily noticeable without measurements
• Might go untreated
Acute malnutrition is a major risk-factor for child mortality(MAM child is 3-4 times more likely to die than a healthy child)
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• Long-term malnutrition as a result of inadequate intake or repeated infections, or both.
• Low height for age
• Can impair physical and/or mental development.
Two girls, both 5 years old, in Kabul. The girl on the left suffers from stunting.
Chronic Malnutrition (or Stunting)
©UNICEF, Dragaj
SYRIA Stunting RatePre-crisis: 23%Current: 22.3%
Hama: 26%
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Micronutrient Deficiencies
Three leading Micronutrient Deficiencies during crisis:
Group 1• Low hemoglobin• Pale palms and inner
eyelids• Fatigue and reduced
work productivity
Group 2• Night blindness• Slow bone
development• Weak immune
system
Group 3• Extreme fatigue• Goiter• Severe risk of brain
impairment during fetal development and in the first few years of life
Pale palms Night blindness
Goiter
IodineVitamin AIron
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Micronutrient Deficiencies in Syria
Iodine12.9%
Vitamin A8.7%
Iron29.2%
Pre-Crisis:
Current Situation:
Iron deficiency Anaemia
Syrian Refugees, children 6-59 months:
48.7%
IDPs in Idleb & Aleppo, children 6-59 months:
37%
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Triple burden of malnutrition in Syria
Micronutrient deficiencies
UndernutritionOverweight and
obesity
Malnutrition
Coronary Heart disease
HypertensionDiabetes
HypertensionCancer
Stunting Wasting
Iron Vitamin A
Iodine
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Malnutrition Throughout the Life Cycle
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The 1000 days
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Nutritional status is influenced by multiple and interrelated factors.
The most important factors can be grouped under these broad categories:
• FOOD
• HEALTH AND SANITATION
• CARE AND FEEDING PRACTICES
Causes of Malnutrition
©FAO/Alberto Conti
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UNICEF Malnutrition Conceptual Framework
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Nutrition-sensitive interventions
Nutrition-specific interventions address the immediatecauses of malnutrition
Nutrition-sensitive interventions address the underlyingcauses of malnutrition
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WFP’s response
– WFP programmes aim to target the most vulnerable groups of population. These programmes can be classified into:
– 1- Nutrition Specific Interventions:
• Prevention of acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies• Treatment of acute malnutrition
– 2- Nutrition Sensitive interventions
• General Food Distribution• School Feeding Programme• Fresh Food Vouchers for Pregnant and Lactating women
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Take home messages
• Determinants of malnutrition are multi-sectoral: food intake, access to food, health, care, water and sanitation, gender…
• Agreeing on malnutrition causes leads to design joint actions