Objective 3.01Heredity and Environment
Influences on Prenatal Development
& Long-term Effects on the Health of Children.
PCD—Birth Defects
FACTSAbout 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects.
1 out of 28 parents receive frightening news that their baby has a birth defect.
There are over 4,000 known birth defects
Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life.
What is a Birth Defect?
An abnormality of structure, function or body metabolism present at birth that results in physical or mental disability or is fatal (deadly).
Prenatal DevelopmentInfluenced by conditions brought on by the environment and hereditary traits.
For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.
A birth defect is an abnormality that is present at birth that affects the structure or functions of the body and may threaten a baby’s health and/or welfare.
Environment vs. Hereditary
Prenatal Development is influenced by conditions brought on by the Environment & Hereditary Traits.
For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.
Potential Causes of Birth Defects
Directions: Read Chapter 4. Complete the chart on the handout provided using Chapter 4 Section 3 in the textbook, page 124-125.
Pick 8 of the 10 Birth DefectsList the following in the rectangle:
CausesDetectionsTreatments
Inadequate (not enough) Nutrition of
Mother
Stunt brain dev.Mental retardationIncreased risk:multiple birth defectslow birth weight
Rubella, or German measles
1st trimester of pregnancy can cause severe birth defectsBlindnessDeafnessHeart diseaseMental retardation
ToxoplasmosisParasite causes:BlindnessHearing lossLearning disabilitiesDeath
Found in cat litter and some raw meats
Chicken PoxDuring 1st half of pregnancy:Scarring of baby’s skinLimb (arms, legs) defects
Eye problemsMiscarriage (death before 20th week)
Nicotine Smoking Tobacco
OR Secondhand Smoke
Smaller than average babiesMiscarriages and premature deliveries
Respiratory infections or allergies
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS)20% of infants die Facial deformitiesDelayed physical growthHeart defectsHyperactivityMental retardation or disabilitiesPoor coordinationDifficulty controlling behavior
Drugs: Over-the-counter & illegal
Nothing should be taken during pregnancy without doctor’s
permissionPass on drug addition to the baby
Makes it necessary for baby to go through painful withdrawal period after birth
Produces severe, long-term learning and behavioral problems
Large amounts of caffeine increase risk of miscarriageLow birth-weight babiesInfant death
Cocaine increases risk of miscarriageProduces strokes that lead to brain damageHeart attackBirth abnormalitiesDeath
Causes tremors, irritability, sleep problems, and developmental delays
Exposure to hazardsChemicals
paint, pesticides, lead-based chemicals, carbon monoxide, mercury, solvents, paint thinners, and formaldehydePotentially cause physical and mental abnormalities in unborn baby
X rays can cause childhood cancer, miscarriages, and mental retardation
Toxoplasmosisextreme high blood pressure
Accidental Injuries
Cerebral palsyCaused by damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth
Damage to the developing embryo and fetus from accidental injuries of all types can potentially cause a wide range of birth defects
Complete the next slides on the bubble map labeled:
•Hereditary Influences•Label left side of the paper:
•Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents
•Label right side of the paper: •Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent
Cystic FibrosisCaused by inheritance of recessive genes
More likely to affect Caucasians than African or Asian-Americas
Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents
Tay-Sachs Disease
Inherited disease most common among eastern European families of Jewish descent
Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents
Sickle Cell AnemiaMalformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen and prevalent in African-Americans
Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents
HemophiliaPassed on from mothers to sons only
Prevents blood from clotting
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent
Huntington’s Disease
Manifests in adulthood males
Leads to dementia
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent
Duchene Muscular DystrophyTransmitted by female carriers
Usually affects only males
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent
Errors in ChromosomesProblems with the number or structure of
chromosomesDown syndrome
Associated with mental retardationIncreased risk of heart defectsLeukemiaPoor muscle toneDistinctive physical characteristics
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent
Cleft Palate
Sometimes the roof of the mouth does not completely close, leaving an opening that extends into the nasal cavity.
The cleft may include either side of the cavity.
The abnormality may be associated with cleft lip or other syndromes.
Cleft Lip
Incomplete formation of lips during fetal development leads to Cleft Lip abnormality.
The extent varies from mild to severe.
The clefts can be distinguished into unilateral clefts and bilateral clefts
Multiple BirthsThe hyper-ovulation gene may be inherited from the motherLeading to fraternal twins
Primarily influenced by environmentTwin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS)
Result of one twin taking nourishment from the otherFertility drugs
Identifying Birth Defects
Birth Defects Symptoms
_____1. Cerebral palsy ______
_____2. Cleft palate ______
_____3. Cystic fibrosis ______
_____4. Down syndrome ______
_____5. Hydrocephalus ______
_____6. Muscular dystrophy ______
_____7. PKU ______
_____8. Sickle cell anemia ______
_____9. Spina bifida ______
.
A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and painB. Gap in the roof of the mouthC. Incompletely formed spinal cordD. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the musclesE. Child slow to develop motor skillsF. Overly rapid growth of the headG. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go awayH. Affects the body’s ability to properly use proteinI. Has an extra chromosome
Answers Birth Defects Symptoms
E 1. Cerebral palsy E
B 2. Cleft palate B
G 3. Cystic fibrosis H
I 4. Down syndrome H
F 5. Hydrocephalus B
D 6. Muscular dystrophy H
H 7. PKU H
A 8. Sickle cell anemia H
C 9. Spina bifida B
.
A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and painB. Gap in the roof of the mouthC. Incompletely formed spinal cordD. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the musclesE. Child slow to develop motor skillsF. Overly rapid growth of the headG. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go awayH. Affects the body’s ability to properly use proteinI. Has an extra chromosome
What potentially causes birth defects?
•Genetic and environmental factors•60% of birth defects are currently unknown•A single abnormal gene
Can birth defects be prevented?
Potential causes of most birth defects are not known, there are a number of steps a woman can take to reduce her risk
Help Reduce Risk
Visit a health care provider for a pre-pregnancy check up especially if you have health problems
When pregnant, take daily multi-vitamins, containing B-vitamin folic acid.
Avoid: Alcohol Drugs Smoking prescription or over-the-counter medications
without Dr. permission!
Can some birth defects be diagnosed before birth?
•Prenatal tests that can be administered:•Ultrasound•Amniocentesis •Chronic villus sampling
Preventing Birth Defects
Avoid…oPoor nutritionoAlcoholoSmokingoDrugsoSTDsoRubellaoParasitesoRadiation
Experiment
Crack an egg in a glass jar. Fill jar halfway full of rubbing alcohol.Observe changes to the egg. Write on a sticky note how seeing the
changes affects their thinking. Discussion what each item represents and
how it relates to a birth defect.
Simon Birch1 hour and 53 minutes
A movie about a very small person; he has a lot of faith and self-confidence in spite of the fact that he is physically "different", he has little family support and he has health problems.
Birth Defect Group ProjectDirections
You will receive a birth defect to investigate Make aware your findings using a blog on the Internet.
https://www.blogger.com/start References can come from your notes, textbook, and
Internet to find your references. DO NOT COPY YOUR INFORMATION = PLAGERISM!!!!!
Classify your birth defect: “Environmental” “Hereditary” “Both”
Blog should describe the following: Description Causes Detection Treatment How it affects the person who has it