OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18:1 The Roots of Imperialism
o We will identify the key factors that influenced America to expand.
o We will analyze how the U.S. took its steps toward increased global power.
o We will examine the chain of events leading up to the U.S. annexation of Hawaii.
(Pro 23:10) Remove not the old
landmark; and enter not into the
fields of the fatherless:
CHAPTER 18: America Becomes A World Power
• Imperialism: The policy by
which the strong nations
extend their political,
military, and economic
control over weaker
territories.
Reasons for Imperialism
• One reason for the rush to grab colonies
was the desire for raw materials and
natural resources.
• This was especially true of Europe and
Japan.
• These were called extractive colonies
where the imperial country extracted or
removed raw materials from the colony
and shipped them to the home country.
Reasons for Imperialism
• Possession of colonies gave
nations an edge in the
competition for global resources.
• In contrast to other world powers,
the resource-rich United States
had fewer concerns about
shortages of raw materials in the
nineteenth century.
Reasons for Imperialism
• In fact America’s surplus of
goods and commodities led to
the need to expand to other
markets to sell their products.
• Because domestic consumption
could not satisfy the production.
• Roosevelt believed the need for
the U.S. to become a world
power.
Need For Military Strength:
• To expand and protect their interests
among the world, Imperialist nations built
up their military strength.
• Alfred T. Mahan a military historian and an
officer in the U.S. Navy played a key role in
transforming America into a naval power.
• He argued that great nations had powerful
navies.
Need For Military Strength:
• Mahan called upon the U.S. to build a modern
fleet.
• Mahan argued that the US would need to acquire
foreign bases where American ships could refuel
and gather fresh supplies.
• The U.S. expanded and modernized its navy by
building new steel-plated steam-powered
battleships such as the U.S.S. Maine.
• By 1900, the U.S. had the third largest navy in the
world.
• Today America has the most powerful navy in the
world.
• Imperialists around the world used the
ideas of racial, national and cultural
superiority to justify imperialism.
• One of these ideas was Social Darwinism,
the belief that life consists of competitive
struggles in where only the fittest survive.
• Social Darwinists felt that certain nations
and races were superior to others and
therefore were destined to rule over inferior
peoples and cultures.
• Americans embraced Social Darwinism
because they believed that God had
granted them the right and responsibility to
settle the frontier.
• They spoke of America’s “Manifest Destiny”
to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
• Josiah Strong, a American missionary
believed that it was the mission of America,
to spread Western values to weaker or less
civilized nations, to gain converts for
Christianity.
• Pro_14:31 He that oppresseth
the poor reproacheth his Maker:
but he that honoureth him hath
mercy on the poor.
• (Rom 13:10) Love worketh no ill
to his neighbour: therefore love is
the fulfilling of the law.
• Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted that
the frontier had been closed by gradual
settlement in the nineteenth century.
• Turner thought that the frontier helped
ambitious Americans to secure a fresh start
and pursue their fortunes.
• It had served as a “safety valve” siphoning off
potential discontent.
• With the frontier closed, some thought to keep
the “Safety valve” open and to avoid internal
conflict, America should expand overseas.
America’s Steps to a World Power:
• In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of American warships into present-day Tokyo Bay, Japan.
• Prior to Perry’s arrival, Japan had denied the rest of the world access to its ports.
• With the lavish gifts presented to the emperor and also the superior weapons and steamships the Japanese agreed to open trade with America.
America’s Steps to a World Power:
• In 1867 the U.S. took
possession of the Midway
Islands.
• Treaties in 1875 and 1887
increased trade with the
Hawaiian Islands and gave
the U.S. the right to build a
naval base at Pearl Harbor.
America’s Steps to a World Power:
• In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
• It was scoffed at first.
• The “icebox” was rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources.
• Alaska also greatly expanded America’s reach across the Pacific.
U.S. Influence in Latin America Grows:
• 1889 First International Pan-
American Conference spearheaded
by James Blaine, secretary of state,
paved the way for the construction
of the Pan-American Highway
system.
U.S. Acquires Hawaii
• Hawaiian Islands had been
economically linked to the United
States for almost a century.
• Since the 1790s, American
merchant ships had stopped at
Hawaii on their way to East Asia.
U.S. Acquires Hawaii
• Missionaries had established Christian churches and schools on the islands.
• Americans had also established sugar cane plantations there.
• In 1887 American planters convinced King Kalakaua to amend the Hawaiian constitution so that voting rights were limited to only wealthy land owners which were white land owners.
U.S. Acquires Hawaii • American planters were faced
with two crisis to their profits.
• First, U.S. tariff law imposed duties on previously duty-free Hawaiian sugar.
• This made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than sugar produced in the U.S.
• The sugar-growers in Hawaii thought they would suffer decreasing sales and profits.
U.S. Acquires Hawaii
• Second, Queen Lilluokalani in
1891 succeeded her brother,
after his death and was a
nationalist.
• She abolished the Hawaiian
constitution that gave political
power to the white minority.
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U.S. Acquires Hawaii
• With the backing of U.S. officials, planters in 1893 help overthrow the queen.
• John Stevens, U.S. minister to Hawaii, ordered the U.S. Marines to help the rebels seize power.
• The new government, led by wealthy planter Sanford B. Dole asked President Benjamin Harrison to annex Hawaii into the U.S.
U.S. Acquires Hawaii
• President Harrison signed the treaty of annexation but could not get the required senate approval before Grover Cleveland became president.
• Cleveland ordered a full investigation which revealed that the majority of the Hawaiian people did not approve the treaty.
• Cleveland refused to sign the agreement.
• Ultimately, by the Spanish American War, congress declared Hawaii a U.S. territory.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
• During this time of imperialism, Christians began to believe in Social Darwinism. Is Social Darwinism and Christianity compatible?
• What do you think of Imperialism? Do you think nations practice imperialism today? If so, what examples do you see?
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18: Section 2
o We will examine the causes of the
Spanish-American War.
o We will examine the major battles
of the War.
o We will describe the
consequences of the war
including the debate over
imperialism.
Lev_19:16 Thou shalt not go up
and down as a talebearer among
thy people: neither shalt thou
stand against the blood of thy
neighbour: I am the LORD.
The Spanish American War:
• In 1897 American entrepreneurs
had invested $50 million in sugar
cane plantations and other
ventures in Cuba, which was 90
miles from Florida.
• These businessmen saw Cuba as
a growing market.
The Spanish American War:
• The island was unstable
and in the midst of a
rebellion against the ruling
Spanish.
• The rebels used guerrilla
tactics of hit and run raids
against Spanish forces.
The Spanish American War:
• Spain responded by setting up concentration camps where tens of thousands died of disease and starvation.
• Meanwhile the Cubans and Spanish destroyed American property.
• Many Americans favored the Cubans for their revolutionary heritage and sympathy against Spanish brutality.
The Spanish American War:
• Rival Newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst heightened the public’s dislike of the Spanish government.
• Called the Yellow press because a popular comic strip character called the Yellow kid made sensationalistic headlines and exaggerated the Spanish atrocities.
The Spanish American War: o In February 1898, the Journal published a
private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome.
o Spain’s ambassador to Washington, DC.
o The letter, stolen by Cuban rebels and leaked to
Hearst called McKinley a “weak and a stupid
politician.”
o Hearst sensationalized the headline as “Worst
insult to the United States in Its History.”
o Letter fueled American aggressive nationalism,
and inflamed relations with Spain.
The Spanish American War:
• At the same time.
• The battleship Maine which McKinley ordered to Havana Harbor to protect Americans blew up killing 266 of the 350 crew.
• The newspapers immediately accused Spain and war fever gripped the nation with sensationalistic headlines.
• Although a special naval board inquiry found Spain responsible, later years cast doubt if Spain was to blame.
The Spanish American War:
• In April, Congress authorized
McKinley’s request to fight the
Spanish.
• McKinley called for 100,000
volunteers but 200,000
enlisted.
The Spanish American War:
• On May 1 1898, Commodore George Dewey steamed his squadron of ships to Manila Bay in the Spanish-held Philippines.
• The Americans completely surprised the Spanish fleet that were stationed there and no American was killed while 400 Spanish sailors lost their lives.
The Spanish American War:
• While Dewey was winning an astounding victory over the Spanish navy, Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo was defeating the Spanish army.
• Like the Cubans, the Filipinos were fighting for freedom from Spain.
• In August, after some 15,000 U.S. soldiers had landed on the islands, Spanish troops surrendered to the United States.
U.S. Forces Win In Cuba
• American troops landed in Cuba in
June 1898; U.S. Marines captured
Guantanamo Bay.
• And a force of 17,000 soldiers
under U.S. army General William
Shafter stormed ashore east of
Santiago.
U.S. Forces Win In Cuba
• Shafter’s army consisted of
state National Guard units
that were poorly equipped
and also the African
American Ninth and Tenth
Calvary regiments from the
western frontier.
U.S. Forces Win In Cuba
• Another cavalry unit was organized and commanded by the future President Theodore Roosevelt.
• His Rough Riders consisted of rugged westerners and upper-class easterners who relished adventure and the “strenuous life.”
U.S. Forces Win In Cuba
• The Ninth and Tenth
Calvary and the Rough
Riders gained fame in the
battles for Kettle and San
Juan Hills where they
stormed up the hills to
secure the high ground.
U.S. Forces Win In Cuba
• Two days after the battle of San
Juan Hill, the Spanish Navy made
a desperate attempt to escape,
• But the U.S. forces blockaded the
harbor and destroyed the Spanish
fleet.
• U.S. forces also occupied the
island of Puerto Rico.
U.S. Forces Win In Cuba
• Almost 3,000 Americans
died during the war only 380
died in combat.
• Disease, especially malaria
and yellow fever caused most
of the deaths.
Effects of the War:
• Treaty of Paris signed by Spain and U.S. in 1898 officially ended the war.
• Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam.
• It also sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million.
Effects of the War:
• The Teller Amendment passed by
Congress when it declared war
on Spain prevented the U.S. from
annexing Cuba but it did not
prevent the U.S. from taking over
the Philippines.
Effects of the War: • Imperialists including McKinley argued
that the U.S. should rule the Philippines to uplift and civilize the nation.
• It was also a valuable stepping stone to trade with China.
• And other nations would most likely take over if the U.S. didn’t.
• Anti-Imperialists argued that imperialism was a crime and was led by such as Mark Twain and William Jennings Bryan.
Effects of the War:
• The debate climaxed in the senate floor in ratifying the Treaty of Paris in Feb 1899, where the Senate voted 57 to 27 in favor of the treaty.
• A single yes vote ratified the treaty.
• In 1900 McKinley ran against Bryan, and also had Roosevelt, the hero of San Juan as his running mate.
• McKinley and Roosevelt soundly defeating Bryan and the U.S. now solidified itself as a world power and an empire.
• It was a turning point in the history of American foreign policy.
U.S. and East Asia • Filipino Nationalist leader Emilio
Aguinaldo thought that the U.S. was an ally for Filipino independence and was disillusioned when America maintained its possession.
• Aguinaldo organized an insurrection or rebellion against U.S. rule.
• The rebels believed they were fighting for the same principles of self- rule that had inspired America’s colonial patriots during the American Revolution.
U.S. and East Asia
• Filipino insurgents relied on
guerrilla warfare, a form of
nontraditional warfare
generally involving small
bands of fighters to attack
behind American lines.
U.S. and East Asia
o America used extraordinary
measures to crush the
rebellion.
o Like the Spanish in Cuba, the
U.S. gathered civilians into
overcrowded concentration
camps.
U.S. and East Asia
o In the spring of 1901, the
Americans captured
Aguinaldo.
o Although the fighting did not
end immediately, his capture
marked the beginning of the
end of the insurrection.
U.S. and East Asia
• This war took more lives than the Spanish American War.
• Nearly 5,000 Americans, and 200,000 Filipinos died in the fighting.
• The U.S. government sent more than 100,000 troops to fight in the war and spent upwards of $400 million to defeat the insurgency.
U.S. and East Asia
• Self Rule: In 1901, William
Howard Taft a future president of
the U.S. became governor of the
Philippines.
• Taft wanted the island to recover
from the rebellion.
U.S. and East Asia
• He censored the press and placed dissidents in Jail to maintain order.
• To win support of the Filipino people, he extended limited self-rule and ordered construction of schools, roads, and bridges.
• In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act, that pledged that the Philippines would ultimately get their independence.
• Which happened 30 years later after World War II.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Do you think the United States needs to
expand its territory and involve itself in other
nations in order to maintain its power or do
you think the U.S. should concern itself with
what is going on within its borders?
U.S. and China
• In 1899, the once mighty China was
in disarray as Imperialist nations
such as Britain, France, Germany,
and Russia carved China into
distinct spheres of influence.
• Within its zone, each power had
privileged access to Chinese ports
and markets.
U.S. and China
• The U.S. through Secretary of State
John Hay issued a series of notes
to foreign diplomats in 1899 that
the U.S. expected equal treatment
in commerce and business in
China.
U.S. and China o With growing influence of outsiders, some
Chinese joined secret societies.
o One was the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, won the nickname “Boxers” from Europeans because its members trained in martial arts.
o This society celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized western ways.
o They also condemned Chinese converts to Christianity.
o They rebelled against the “foreign devils.”
U.S. and China
• In May 1900 the Boxers killed foreign missionaries and besieged the foreign diplomats’ district in Beijing.
• A multinational force of European, American, and Japanese troops was sent to the Chinese capital to squash the Boxer Rebellion.
U.S. and China
• An initial force of 2,100 troops grew to more than 20,000 including 2,000 Americans.
• After putting down the rebellion, European powers compelled China’s imperial government to pay an indemnity, or money to repair damage caused by the rebellion.
U.S. and China
• This caused more
nationalistic fervor and
the last emperor was
overthrown in 1911.
U.S. and China
• America asserted an Open Door Policy, where Hay stated that the U.S. did not want colonies in China, it just wanted free trade there.
• As an act of good will, the U.S. used some of the indemnity money it received from China to fund scholarships for Chinese students to study in America.
Tensions Rise Between Japan and the U.S.
• Japan disapproved of European carving up of the region, and took offense to the presence of Russian troops in Manchuria, a region of China that bordered Russia.
• Japan fought Russia in the Russo-Japanese War and defeated the Russians.
Tensions Rise Between Japan and the U.S.
• In 1905 representatives of Russia and Japan met in Portsmouth New Hampshire to negotiate the end of the Russo-Japanese war.
• When talks stalled, President Teddy Roosevelt intervened and convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty.
• Roosevelt won a noble peace prize.
• It showed America’s growing influence in world affairs.
Tensions Rise Between Japan and the U.S.
• Growing Anti-Asian sentiment in the west coast, in the fall of 1906, the San Francisco School Board banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children attending public schools with white children.
• This angered the Japanese.
• Roosevelt negotiated the gentlemen’s agreement with Japan.
• The agreement pledged to end segregation policy while Japan agreed to limit emigration of its citizens in the U.S.
THE GREAT WHITE FLEET SETS SAIL
• Roosevelt also promoted military preparedness to protect U.S. interests in Asia.
• Expressing rising concerns about Japan’s territorial expansion at the expense of China, Korea, and Russia.
• The president won congressional support for a new force of navy ships known as the Great White Fleet.
THE GREAT WHITE FLEET SETS SAIL
o In 1907, Roosevelt sent this
armada of 16 white
battleships on a “good will
cruise” around the world.
o This demonstrated
America’s increased
military power in the world.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Is there Imperialism Today?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Do you think America should use its influence to
spread their ideas of a democratic form of
government and their way of life to other nations?
What do you think of American foreign policy (How
America dealt with other nations) at this time? Do
you see similarities today or differences?
IMPERIALISM
OBJECTIVES: Chapter 18: Section 4
o We will examine what happened
to Puerto Rico and Cuba after the
Spanish-American War.
o We will analyze the effects of
Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy.
o We will compare Wilson’s moral
diplomacy with the foreign policies
of his predecessors.
Dan_7:7 After this I saw in the night
visions, and behold a fourth beast,
dreadful and terrible, and strong
exceedingly; and it had great iron
teeth: it devoured and brake in
pieces, and stamped the residue
with the feet of it: and it was diverse
from all the beasts that were before
it; and it had ten horns.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• After the Spanish American War expunged the Spanish from Puerto Rico, the territory remained under direct U.S. military rule.
• In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which established a civil government in Puerto Rico.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• The act authorized the
President of the U.S. to
appoint a governor and part of
the Puerto Rican legislature.
• Puerto Ricans could fill the
rest of the legislature in a
general election.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• The U.S. military withdrew from Cuba in 1902 but added the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution.
• The amendment restricted the rights of newly independent Cubans and effectively brought the island within the U.S. sphere.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• It prevented Cuba from signing a treaty with another nation without American approval.
• It also required Cuba to lease naval stations to the U.S.
• It gave the U.S. right to intervene to preserve order in Cuba.
• The Cubans did not like this but it was a way for America to leave while the U.S. did not want to risk Cuba being an outpost to a hostile power.
Roosevelt Pursues Big Stick Diplomacy:
• A doctrine using a strong military to achieve its goals;
• Roosevelt believed that the U.S. had a moral responsibility to “civilize” or “uplift” weaker nations.
• Roosevelt also felt that America’s elite, its statesmen and captains of industry had to accept the challenge of international leadership.
AMERICA BUILDS THE PANAMA CANAL
• In the late 1800s a French company sought to build a canal in Panama but failed.
• It ended in selling the rights to the U.S. for $40 million in 1903.
• Before it could build the Canal, the U.S. needed the consent of the Columbian government which Panama was then part of.
• Columbia demanded more than the U.S. wanted to pay.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• Roosevelt dispatched warships off the Panama coast and supported a Panamanian rebellion.
• Columbia decided to give Panama its independence.
• More than 35,000 workers helped dig the Panama Canal often in very difficult conditions.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• Completion of the Canal depended on scientific breakthroughs of doctors to combat tropical diseases.
• Still more than 5,000 canal workers died from disease and accidents.
• But in 1914, the canal opened cutting some 8,000 nautical miles off the trip from the West Coast to the East Coast of the U.S.
Roosevelt updates the Monroe Doctrine:
• Some Latin American nations
were not able to pay their debts to
foreign investors that led to the
possible interference of European
nations.
• Roosevelt proposed the Roosevelt
Corollary that updated the Monroe
doctrine for an age of economic
imperialism.
Roosevelt updates the Monroe Doctrine:
• In the event a Latin American Nation commits chronic wrongdoing that would justify Europeans to military intervention, the U.S. would assume the role of police power.
• This change, Roosevelt argued merely reasserted America’s long standing policy of keeping the Western Hemisphere free from European intervention.
Roosevelt updates the Monroe Doctrine:
• Latin American nations
resented the U.S. asserted
role saying they could police
themselves.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• When William Howard Taft succeeded Roosevelt, he continued on the course but modified to Dollar diplomacy.
• Dollar Diplomacy aimed to increase American investments in business and banks throughout Central America and the Caribbean.
• In plantations, mines, oil wells, railways, and other ventures in those regions.
• However Taft also had to resort at times to the big stick to protect American business interests in Nicaragua in setting up a pro American government.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• In 1912 Woodrow Wilson became president.
• He criticized his Republican predecessors.
• Instead of conquest, Wilson advocated a policy called “moral diplomacy” of human rights, national integrity, and opportunity.
THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA:
• However Wilson used the
military such as in Haiti in 1915
to protect American
investments and to guard
against potential German or
French aggression in the nation.
U.S. And Mexico
• For decades, Mexican dictator Porfirion Diaz catered to the rich while most of Mexico struggled in poverty.
• In 1911, Francisco Madero led the Mexican Revolution that toppled Diaz.
• Madero was committed to reforms but was a weak administrator.
U.S. And Mexico
• In 1913, General Victoriano
Huerta seized power and executed
Madero.
• Huerta pledged to protect
American investments but under
moral diplomacy Wilson refused to
recognize his government and
sent Marines to install Venustiano
Carranza as president.
U.S. And Mexico
• Although most Mexicans
supported Carranza he was
slow to bring reforms and
rebels again rose up, this time
under the leadership of
Francisco Pancho Villa.
• Initially Wilson sought good
relations with Villa.
U.S. And Mexico
• However American Support disappeared in 1916.
• Villa’s forces crossed into New Mexico and raided the town of Columbus leaving 18 Americans dead.
• President Wilson sent General John J. Pershing and more than 10,000 troops on a punitive expedition to Mexico.
U.S. And Mexico
• But Villa was never caught.
• World War I diverted attention
away from him, and Pershing
was reassigned to lead
expeditionary forces to France
for World War I.
A World Power:
• A generation earlier, few would believe it possible that more than one million American troops would engage in a large scale war in Europe.
• But the triumph over Spain and U.S. actions in Asia and Latin America demonstrated that America had emerged as a world power.
• Now World War I would test that new global strength.
True Expansion • The symbols of earthly governments are
wild beasts, but in the kingdom of Christ, men are called upon to behold, not a ferocious beast, but the Lamb of God. Not as a fierce tyrant did he come, but as the Son of man; not to conquer the nations by his iron power.... He came as the divine Restorer, bringing to oppressed and down-trodden humanity the rich and abundant grace of Heaven, that by the power of his righteousness, man, fallen and degraded though he was, might be a partaker of divinity. {SW, December 24, 1907 par. 3}
True Expansion • “And this gospel of the kingdom shall
be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come.” Matthew 24:14
• Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. Matthew 28:19-20.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
How do you think nations that are richer and
stronger treat nations that are weaker?