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OBSERVATION AND PRESENTATION OF PHENOMENA
IN GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION
Iwona Piotrowska Department of Geography Teaching
and Ecological Education
Adam Mickiewicz University
Poznań
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Presentation
Presentation in the teaching and communication process is a planned and systematic method of acting upon a defined group of students, during which it is crucial to inform, convince and motivate the listeners (Łasiński, 2000).
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Presentation
The way in which the teacher passes on information, tries to make the student interested in the geographical environment and moulds his imagination, has a decisive effect not only on his learning progress, but also on his perception of the subject itself (Piotrowska, 2003).
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Art of presentation
It seems justified to approach the teacher's demonstration, discussion or explanation of geographical processes and objects as another art - that of presentation.
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Preparation for presentation
Analysis of its aim
Methods
Recipients
Thus, presentation is a task-oriented rather thous a spontaneous and unprepared activity (Łasiński, 2000).
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Factors influencing
good reception of presentation
Clear structure of the presentation
Contents as well as expression of the topic
Method of presenting the contents using visuals
Body language, i.e. author’s image, body posture and eye contact
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Elements of presentation - Introduction
First impression determines the success of whole undertakingNon-verbal communication occurs throughout the entire presentationEye contact with listeners as well as awareness of the facial expression and gesturesIntroduction should be a well thought-out presentationA plan or scenario is essential
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Elements of presentation - Development
Excellent knowledge of the subject Logical sequence and clarity of the messageVisuals that make the subject easier Controlling symptoms of nervousness Maintaining contact with listeners Keeping track of time
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Elements of presentation - Ending
This part aims at formulating the main theme of the entire presentation and summarising its contents in demonstrated theses as well as finishing it off with adequate delivery.
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Efficacy and attractiveness
of the message depend on:
Knowledge
Contents
Skills
Strategy
Methods of presentation
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Presentation methods
Reading
Delivering the text from memory
Demonstration
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The message is easier to understand if use is made of:
Media: Pictures
Slides
Transparency posters
Models
Films
Computer and multimedia programs
Internet resources
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Demonstration and observation of phenomena
Land use
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Demonstration and observation of phenomena
GIS and
land use
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Demonstration and observation of phenomena
Land use
change
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Demonstration and observation of phenomena
Tendency of
phenomena
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Direct and indirect observation
Formation of geographical notion and images
The principle of visualization in geography education
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An image acts better that words since it is: (Jay, 2000)
Faster
Time- saving
More efficient
Easier to memorize
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Communication
When talking to each other, people send
verbal and non-verbal messages.
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Communication (Metartin 1997, za Łasiński 2000)
50% Body language
30% Method of lecturing20% Speech
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Speech
is of a linguistic variety (the language may be
literary, colloquial or scientific).
very important are:
elements including associations choice of words correct syntax
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Method of lecturing
intonation force and speed of speech rhythm pauses between sentences pitch and tone of voice articulation dialects
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Body language
facial expression gestures body posture eye contact involuntary physiological reactions physical appearance personal distance
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Presentation and body language
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Presentation and body language
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Presentation, body language and gesticulation
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From the teacher’s perspective, the ability to read and interpret non-verbal messages coming from students, sometimes termed intuition or perception, seems to be exceptionally important (Wołowik, 1998).
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Ignoring signals coming from students during a lesson may result in a situation in which the planned method of presentation is not modified and thus the educational effect is impaired.
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DistanceDistance is defined as a personal distance
from other people.
called ‘territory and the speaker’s safety zone’ (Pease, 2004)
called also ‘speaker’s own space’ (Hall after Pease, 2004)
Types of spacing zones
private (15-46 cm)
personal (46-120 cm)
social (120-360 cm)
public (more than 360 cm)
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Stress and presentation
„ The circle of fear” (Pijarowska, Seweryńska, 2002)
1. Thoughts
2. Emotion
3. Physiological reactions
4. Presentation
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Barriers to effective communication (Łasiński 2000, modified)
Semantic Psychological Physical
and external
•Lack of professional preparation
•Distorted information
•Multitude of information
•Incomprehensible subject matter
•Incomprehensible terminology or language
•Speaker’s speech defect
•Negative attitude
•Shyness
•Lack of interest in the subject
•Excessive emotional involvement
•Disregard for listeners
•Dogmatic thinking
•Lack of concentration
•Monotonous speech
•Inability to focus on listening
•Tiredness
•Noise
•Whispering
•Temperature
•Venue
•Time of day
•Power cut or computer break-down
• Too many listeners
•Inadequate room arrangement
•Time pressure
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How to prepare a presentation
perfect preparation of both its subject matter and of its methodological aspects
‘dress rehearsal’
visualization of success
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A good presentation is (Łasiński, 2000)
prepared with competence easy to understand
visual interesting
‘vivid’
prepared with competence easy to understand
visual interesting
‘vivid’
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In schools in the 21st century, in the time of unprecedented development of information technologies, GIS and the Internet, enormous importance is given to presentation skills of geography teachers regardless of the elected methods and techniques of geography instruction.
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Thank you for your attention