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Observed Properties ofObserved Properties of
Multiple - Planet SystemsMultiple - Planet Systems
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Properties of Single Planets (Review of Last Time)Properties of Single Planets (Review of Last Time) Theory: Migration & Planets Theory: Migration & Planets TugTug on Planets on Planets Neptune-Mass Planets: First ObservationsNeptune-Mass Planets: First Observations Multi-Planet Systems: PropertiesMulti-Planet Systems: Properties Mean-Motion ResonancesMean-Motion Resonances Formation & Evolution PuzzlesFormation & Evolution Puzzles
Properties ofProperties of
Multi-Planet Systems:Multi-Planet Systems:Outline of TalkOutline of Talk
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Exoplanet Detection MethodsExoplanet Detection MethodsProven TechniquesProven TechniquesPrecise Doppler:Precise Doppler: 170170 Transits:Transits: 88Gravitational lensing:Gravitational lensing: 3 ?3 ?Direct Imaging:Direct Imaging: 2 ? 2 ?
Techniques for the FutureTechniques for the Future Astrometry: Astrometry: Precise Doppler Precise Doppler KeplerKepler
# Planetary Systems
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Doppler Detection of Doppler Detection of
Wobble of StarWobble of Star orbiting common orbiting common center of mass center of mass with planet(s). with planet(s).
NASA/JPL178 Giant Exoplanets178 Giant ExoplanetsDetected Around Sun-Like StarsDetected Around Sun-Like Stars
ReviewReview
Last TimeLast Time
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Stars Wobble: Stars Wobble: Gravitational pull of PlanetsGravitational pull of Planets
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
DopplerDopplerEffect of Effect of Star LightStar Light
SpectrumSpectrumof starlightof starlight
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Echelle SpectrometerEchelle Spectrometer
CCD
Echelle
Grating
Collimator
StarlightStarlight
From TelescopeFrom Telescope
High Resolution ``Echelle”High Resolution ``Echelle”
SpectrometerSpectrometer
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Spectrum of Star:Spectrum of Star:
Doppler EffectDoppler Effect
Doppler Precision: 1 m/sDoppler Precision: 1 m/sv / c ~ 3 x 10v / c ~ 3 x 10-9-9
~ 3 x 10~ 3 x 10-9-9
4096 Pixels
Saturn induces Saturn induces
3 m/s in Sun :3 m/s in Sun :
0.001 pixel0.001 pixel
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Three TelescopesThree Telescopes
19 Yrs19 Yrs(6 AU)(6 AU)
LickLick
8 Yrs8 Yrs
(4 AU) 7 Yrs7 Yrs
(3.5 AU)
Doppler Precision: 3 m s-1
115 Extrasolar Planets
1300 FGKM Nearby Stars1300 FGKM Nearby Stars
Anglo-Aus. Tel.Anglo-Aus. Tel.
KeckKeck
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Doppler Precision:Doppler Precision: 1.0 ms 1.0 ms-1-1 Keck HIRES Upgrade (2004)Keck HIRES Upgrade (2004)
1 year1 year
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Known ExoplanetsKnown ExoplanetsJan 1996Jan 1996
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a = 0 - 5 AUa = 0 - 5 AU M sinM sinii = = 0.05-15 M0.05-15 MJUPJUP
Multiple PlanetsMultiple Planets
Nearly half found by:Nearly half found by: Swiss teamSwiss team
Harvard teamsHarvard teams
Texas teamsTexas teams
178178
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New PlanetNew Planet
P = 5.3 yrP = 5.3 yr
e = 0.47e = 0.472.96 M2.96 MJUPJUP
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New Planet:New Planet:
P = 1.3 yrP = 1.3 yr
e ~ 0.1e ~ 0.1
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Msini = 32 MMsini = 32 MEarthEarth
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Msini = 57 MMsini = 57 MEarthEarth
Msini = 37 MMsini = 37 MEarthEarth
Sub-Saturn Masses: 30 - 100 MSub-Saturn Masses: 30 - 100 MEarthEarth
Sub-Saturn Masses:Sub-Saturn Masses:
Detectable for P < 3 MonthDetectable for P < 3 Month
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Giant Planets:Giant Planets: Mass Distribution Mass Distribution
Detection Detection Limit:Limit:
~ 0.2 M~ 0.2 MJUP JUP @ 1 @ 1 AUAU
Rise toward Rise toward
low masseslow masses
to 1 Mto 1 MSATSAT
Sub-Sub-Saturn?Saturn?
ReviewReview
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Models:Models:
PoorDetect-ability
Flat Extrapolation:Flat Extrapolation:
6% of stars have6% of stars have
planets 3 - 20 AU planets 3 - 20 AU ..
Total: 12 %Total: 12 %
Inward Migration.Inward Migration. Planets left in placePlanets left in place
as disk vanishes .as disk vanishes .
RiseRise
Prediction:Prediction:
Reservoir of Jupiters Reservoir of Jupiters
at 5-20 AUat 5-20 AULogLog
Semimajor Axis Semimajor Axis DistributionDistribution
6.5 % 6.5 %
OccurrenceOccurrence
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Future:Future: Gas Giants Orbiting Gas Giants Orbiting
BeyondBeyond 5 AU 5 AU
Represents 5 %Represents 5 %
of Starsof Stars
Orbits:Orbits:
Circular orCircular or
Eccentric?Eccentric?
G0 VG0 V
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Orbital EccentricitiesOrbital Eccentricities
<e> = 0.25<e> = 0.25 Origin of eccent.Origin of eccent.
controversial .controversial .(But suggestion(But suggestion
later, and talk bylater, and talk by
Veras & Armitage)Veras & Armitage) Ecc still highEcc still high
BeyondBeyond 2.5 AU 2.5 AU
<e>=0.25<e>=0.25
Tidal Circ.:Tidal Circ.:
a < 0.07 AUa < 0.07 AU
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Super-Earths: 1 - 14 MSuper-Earths: 1 - 14 MEarthEarth
The Next DomainThe Next Domain
Earth - Uranus: Earth - Uranus: Gap in Mass: Factor 14Gap in Mass: Factor 14
Intermediate MassesIntermediate Masses:: Do theyDo they Form?Form?
Or do planet embryos Or do planet embryos accrete gas ala Neptune ?accrete gas ala Neptune ?
If They Form:If They Form: - Terr-like: CO- Terr-like: CO22 Atm. ? Atm. ?
- Neptune-like H&He env ?- Neptune-like H&He env ? Density: Density: 1 or 5 g cm1 or 5 g cm-3 -3 ??
Terrestrial
Ice & Gas giantsIce & Gas giants
Super-Super-
EarthsEarths
??
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and and life in the universelife in the universe
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Too hot Too coldTemp = 0 - 100 C
First Search for First Search for HabitableHabitable Worlds Worlds
Next Frontier:
Will Need an Extraordinary, New Telescope To Detect Earth-Like Planets.
NASA . . .
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NASA’s Effort to:NASA’s Effort to:
Discover EarthsDiscover EarthsOrbiting other StarsOrbiting other Stars
First Survey for Earths:First Survey for Earths: Occurrence rate.Occurrence rate. d = 1 kpc, No massesd = 1 kpc, No masses
Finds Nearby (d< 20 pc) Earths:Finds Nearby (d< 20 pc) Earths: Measures masses and orbits.Measures masses and orbits. Follow-up: IR disks, Doppler,Follow-up: IR disks, Doppler, Imaging planets (TPF, AO)Imaging planets (TPF, AO)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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SIM:SIM:
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Observed Properties ofObserved Properties of
MultipleMultiple - Planet - Planet SystemsSystems
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HD 12661 (G0 V)HD 12661 (G0 V)
PeriodogramPeriodogram
P = 5yrP = 5yr
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Weak Interactions2.5 MJ
1.9 MJ
Possible 6:1 ResonanceGozdziewski & Maciejewski,Lee & Peale
HD 12661: 2 - Planet ModelHD 12661: 2 - Planet ModelRMS=3.4 m/sRMS=3.4 m/s
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HD 128311HD 128311
2:1 Resonance 2:1 Resonance
Inner OuterInner Outer
Per (d)Per (d) 458 918 458 918
MMsinisini 2.3 3.1 2.3 3.1
ecc 0.23 0.22ecc 0.23 0.22
119 212119 212
PPc c / P/ Pbb = 2.004 = 2.004Dynamical ResonanceDynamical Resonance
(Laughlin)(Laughlin)
K0V, 1Gy, 16 K0V, 1Gy, 16 pcpc
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Upsilon Upsilon AndromedaeAndromedae First multiple-planet system discovered around First multiple-planet system discovered around
a regular “main sequence” a regular “main sequence” star in 1999. SFSUstar in 1999. SFSU Now have ~ 450 Doppler observations with Now have ~ 450 Doppler observations with
precision limited by stellar jitter of ~ 7.5m/sprecision limited by stellar jitter of ~ 7.5m/s Upsilon Upsilon And c & d have significant orbital And c & d have significant orbital
eccentricities eccentricities (e = 0.25 & 0.27 (e = 0.25 & 0.27 ±0.02±0.02))
Orbit Eccentricities change during 1000 years. Orbit Eccentricities change during 1000 years. What is the origin of these eccentricities?What is the origin of these eccentricities?
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Mass = 0.62 MMass = 0.62 MJUPJUP
0.65 0.70 0.75 0.800.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
60 Days60 Days
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Upsilon AndromedaeUpsilon Andromedae: Velocity Residuals: Velocity Residuals
P Tp ecc K Msini a (d) (JD-2450000) (deg) (m/s) (MJUP) (AU)----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.61712 2.01588 0.028 66.7 68.1 0.66 0.059 241.2 160.4765 0.24 252 55.7 1.97 0.8281318.4 138.3883 0.28 300 62.2 3.84 2.569-----------------------------------------------------------------------------RMS = 15.6 m/sN points = 279
omegaomega
= 48 deg= 48 deg
CirculatingCirculating
Or Librating?Or Librating?
eeCC 0 ?0 ?
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0.6 M0.6 MJUPJUP
2 M2 MJUPJUP
4 M4 MJupJup
Upsilon Andromedae:Upsilon Andromedae:
Triple Planet SystemTriple Planet System
..
..
..
..
.
..
..
..
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..
..
e=0.25e=0.25
0 ?0 ?
e=0.27e=0.27
ImpulsiveImpulsive
Origin of ecc ?Origin of ecc ?
(Ford, Rasio,(Ford, Rasio,
Malhotra)Malhotra)
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Planet-Planet Scattering:Planet-Planet Scattering:
Impulsive OriginImpulsive Origin
Of Eccentricites ?Of Eccentricites ?
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Upsilon Andromeda:Upsilon Andromeda:Origin of EccentricitiesOrigin of Eccentricities
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Initial Eccentricity = 0Initial Eccentricity = 0
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Gliese 876Gliese 876
Real-Time Real-Time Mean-Motion ResonanceMean-Motion Resonanceand first Super Earth:and first Super Earth:
Star’s Mass = 0.32 MStar’s Mass = 0.32 Msunsun
Two Jupiters in 2:1 res.Two Jupiters in 2:1 res.
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GJ 876: VelocitiesGJ 876: Velocities Two-PlanetTwo-Planet
ModelModel
Laughlin et al. 2004TimeTime
ResidResid
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GL 876GL 876 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance
&&Apsidal LockApsidal Lock
Inner OuterInner Outer
PP 30.1 61.0 d 30.1 61.0 d
MsiniMsini 0.56 1.89 M 0.56 1.89 MJJ
ee 0.27 0.10 0.27 0.10
Resonance Work: Laughlin & Chambers Lissauer & Rivera Man Hoi Lee &
S.Peale
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Gliese 876Gliese 876
2:12:1
Mean Motion Mean Motion ResonanceResonance
Precession Precession Period: 9 yrPeriod: 9 yr
Man Hoi LeeMan Hoi Lee
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Marcy stopped here,Marcy stopped here,
as time ran out.as time ran out.
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GJ 876: VelocitiesGJ 876: Velocities Two-PlanetTwo-Planet
ModelModel
Laughlin et al. 2004
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Velocity Residuals toVelocity Residuals to
2-Planet fit2-Planet fitPeriod = 1.94 dPeriod = 1.94 d
M sinM sinii = 5.9 M = 5.9 MEarthEarth
For i = 50 deg,For i = 50 deg,
MMPLPL = 7.5 M = 7.5 MEarthEarthVelo
cit
Velo
cit
yy
Lowest MassLowest Mass
Exoplanet to Exoplanet to date.date.Orbital PhaseOrbital Phase
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3-Planet Fit3-Planet Fit
Rivera &Rivera &
LissauerLissauer
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Gliese 876
Two Jupiters in 2:1 Resonance7 1/2 Earth-Mass Planet
7 1/2 Earth-masses
Excitation of EccentricityExcitation of Eccentricity Tidal HeatingTidal Heating
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a, Ma, MPLPL, ecc shown, ecc shown
20 multi-planet 20 multi-planet systemssystems151 planet-bearing 151 planet-bearing starsstars
5 Mean-Motion 5 Mean-Motion Resonances: Resonances: Gl 876 (2:1)Gl 876 (2:1) 55 Cnc (3:1) 55 Cnc (3:1) HD 82943 (2:1) HD 82943 (2:1) HD 73526 (2:1) HD 73526 (2:1) HD 128311 (2:1) HD 128311 (2:1) Proposed M-M Res. :Proposed M-M Res. : HD 37124 (5:1 ?) HD 37124 (5:1 ?) HD 12661 (6:1 ?) HD 12661 (6:1 ?) HD 202206 (6:1 ?) HD 202206 (6:1 ?)
178178
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Compare Multi-Planet Compare Multi-Planet systems to single-systems to single-planet systemsplanet systems
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Ups AndQuickTime™ and a
Graphics decompressorare needed to see this picture.
M sini (MM sini (MJUPJUP))
M sini (MM sini (MJUPJUP))
Single-Planet SystemsSingle-Planet Systems
Multi-Planet SystemsMulti-Planet Systems
Planet MassPlanet Mass
DistributionsDistributions
Neptunes CommonNeptunes Common
Saturn PaucitySaturn Paucity
Explanation?Explanation?
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GJ 876
Single-PlanetsSingle-Planets
Multi-PlanetsMulti-Planets
Eccentricities:Eccentricities:
No Sig. No Sig.
Difference;Difference;
Surprising:Surprising:
Multi-systemsMulti-systems
should suffershould suffer
resonances &resonances &
perturbationsperturbations
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SummarySummary
Planet Mass Distribution: Planet Mass Distribution: Peaks Below 1 MPeaks Below 1 MSATSAT
Semimajor Axis Distrib. Rises toward 5 AUSemimajor Axis Distrib. Rises toward 5 AU Multi-planet Systems commonMulti-planet Systems common Mean-Motion Resonances CommonMean-Motion Resonances Common
Migration, capture, eccentricity pumpingMigration, capture, eccentricity pumping Properties of Multi-Planets not very differentProperties of Multi-Planets not very different
from single-planet systems: Common processes?from single-planet systems: Common processes?
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GJ 876
Total eccentricity vs Total Planet MassTotal eccentricity vs Total Planet Mass
More mass Higher eccentricityMore mass Higher eccentricity
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GJ 876
Pla
net
Mass R
ati
o
Pla
net
Mass R
ati
o
Period RatioPeriod Ratio
Stability of large Mass ratiosStability of large Mass ratios
Requires wide separationRequires wide separation
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GJ 876
Outer planet tends to be more massive.Outer planet tends to be more massive.
131377
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GJ 876QuickTime™ and a
Graphics decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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GJ 876QuickTime™ and a
Graphics decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Single-PlanetsSingle-Planets
Multi-PlanetsMulti-Planets
MetalicityMetalicity
DependenceDependence
Same forSame for
Single and Single and
Multi-planets:Multi-planets:
High Fe/HHigh Fe/H
Favored.Favored.
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GJ 876QuickTime™ and a
Graphics decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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APF WebcamAPF Webcam
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• Constant gravity environmentConstant gravity environment• Athermalized optical trainAthermalized optical train• High efficiency (35%)High efficiency (35%) = 100,000 (for 1 arcsec slit)= 100,000 (for 1 arcsec slit)• Passively compensated space-framePassively compensated space-frame• 1 m/s velocity precision1 m/s velocity precision• Cost: $2 million (NASA)Cost: $2 million (NASA)
The APF SpectrometerThe APF Spectrometer
A high resolution spectrometer optimizedA high resolution spectrometer optimized for ultra-precision radial velocity workfor ultra-precision radial velocity work
Telescope BeamTelescope Beam
Designed by Steve VogtDesigned by Steve Vogt
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What We've LearnedWhat We've LearnedGiant Planets in Short Period & Eccentric Giant Planets in Short Period & Eccentric
OrbitsOrbitsOrbital MigrationOrbital MigrationEccentricity ExcitationEccentricity Excitation
Multiple Planet SystemsMultiple Planet Systems Importance of ResonancesImportance of Resonances
StatisticsStatisticsFrequency of Giant Planets within ~3 AUFrequency of Giant Planets within ~3 AUMass-Period Distribution FunctionMass-Period Distribution FunctionCorrelations (Stellar Mass & Metallicity, Other Correlations (Stellar Mass & Metallicity, Other
Planets)Planets)Artwork courtesy of Sylwia Walerys
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Why did Jupiter stay…
Do most giant planets…
What limits…
Implications for terrestrial planets...
New QuestionsNew Questions
• At 5 AU?At 5 AU?
• Migrate? Migrate?
• Migration? Migration?
• Formation?Formation?
• In a circular orbit?In a circular orbit?
• Have eccentric Have eccentric orbits? orbits?
• Eccentricity growth?Eccentricity growth?
• Habitability?Habitability?Artwork courtesy of Sylwia Walerys