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Ocean Acidification – an update –
Joanie Kleypas National Center for Atmospheric Research
Boulder, CO
… with help from everybody …
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The Ocean in a High CO2 World II
6 - 9 October 2008
Musée Océanographique, Monaco under the High Patronage of His Serene
Highness Prince Albert II
~220 participants
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The Monaco Declaration, 2008 To avoid severe and widespread
damages, all of which are ultimately driven by increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), we call for policymakers to act quickly to
incorporate these concerns into plans to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at a safe
level to avoid not only dangerous climate change but also dangerous
ocean acidification.
Prince Albert of Monaco
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The Ocean in a High CO2 World III
Sep 24-26 2012
540 participants
37 countries
40% female speakers
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The Ocean is Acidifying Rapidly
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OA is a direct result of CO2 emissions
CO2(aq) H2CO3 HCO3– + H+ CO3
2– + H+
Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate Carbonate Dissolved carbon dioxide
Atmospheric carbon dioxide
CO2
(CO2 + H2O)
CO2(aq) HCO3
- CO32- pH
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3o Years of Measurements
ALOHA BATS ESTOC
pH
CO2
Jim Orr, 2010
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RCP2.6
pH change = −0.13 “What we hope for”
RCP8.5 pH change = −0.42 “Where we’re headed”
Average pH of the ocean surface
pH
Year
The ocean is acidifying rapidly
Figure courtesy of Jim Orr
We are here
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250 200 150 100 50 0
1850 2100
250 MILLION Years
250 Years
Past Present
Ridgwell & Schmidt, 2010
Orr, 2012
The ocean is acidifying rapidly
The Far Side
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The Last Big Acidification Event (55 M years ago)
Million
Zachos et al. 2005 Science
Proc
. Oce
an D
rillin
g Pr
ogra
m #
199,
200
1
55 Millions of Years Ago
Physical changes: Acidification Warming: 5-8°C Deoxygenation
The current rate of CO2 increase is at
least 10X faster than it was 55 million
years ago Biological responses:
Plankton blooms Extinctions Species turnovers Changes in calcification
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The Ocean is Acidifying Rapidly
“The outcome is very clear that we are in uncharted territory in the entire span of Earth history. The primary cause of this is simply the rate of change; we are changing Earth far, far
faster than any recorded geologic shift ever.”
- Peter Brewer, MBARI
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Partners in CO2 Crime
Rising Temperature Projections – “business as usual”
IPCC, 2008
Change in °C
2011-2030 2046-2065 2080-2099
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Partners in CO2 Crime
Deoxygenation Areas of low oxygen are expanding
Gruber (2012) Phil Trans. Roy Soc. A (2012)
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The Effects on Marine Organisms
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HCO3-
CO32-
pH
CO2(aq)
Changes in CO2-system
Increase in
photosynthesis
Decrease in calcification
Changes in physiology
Effects
How CO2 in seawater affects marine life
Oxygen
Temp
Other changes
Overfishing
Pollution
Oil spills
Glo
bal
Regi
onal
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Marine Primary Production
Phytoplankton Macroalgae & Seagrasses “CO2 fertilization”
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Harmful algal blooms
High CO2 increases toxicity of the harmful bloom diatom Pseudo-nitzschia
pCO2 (ppm)
Dom
oic
acid
(pg
cell-
1 )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
210 380 760
Tatters, Fu, & Hutchins (2012) PLoS One
NOAA
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Effects on calcification The coccolithophore story
Global picture: Coccolithophores calcify more in high pH waters and less in low pH waters Experiments: Large amount of variation across and within species
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Evolution in the lab
Selection
Mutation
Increasing CO2
Multiple genotypes
Single genotype
See paper by: Lohbeck et al (2012) Nature Geoscience, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1441
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Effects on calcification
Tropical Corals
OA causes calcification to decline in most species – but some species are tougher than others
Cold water corals
Ocean acidification causes calcification to decline, made worse by elevated temperature
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Effects on calcification Many other species
Ecosystems
Fish Food
People Food
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Bottlenecks in the life cycle
A tweet from the meeting
"It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation which is truly the most important time in your life”
Lewis Wolpert, developmental biologist
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Images from Lynn xxx, OSU)
The Whiskey Creek Story
Credit: Photos by Lynn Ketchum, OSU
Failure of the Pacific Oyster Hatchery at Netarts Bay, Oregon
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Acidification impairs the ability of juvenile clownfish to detect predators
Probably NOT due to ocean
acidification
Larval Clownfish: Amphiprion percula
Effects on animal behavior
Research by Phil Munday
Quote from the Conference: We know the film “Nemo-2” is coming out, but what we really need is the “Nemo-2100” sequel.
- Carol Turley
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Surprise! There are many ways that OA affects
organisms! The responses vary a lot!
Marine organisms are exposed to many changes at once:
• Acidification causes a suite of changes • The oceans are also warming and losing oxygen
Marine organisms have complex biology:
• Multiple life stages • Capacity to adjust to change (physiology) – one lifetime • Capacity to adapt (genetically) – across generations
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The Effects on Marine Organisms
Marine life is responding to ocean acidification in many different ways,
and the range of responses vary widely
This makes predicting their fate much harder but …
… it gives us some hope … it gives us some clues
Photo: Getty
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The Effects on Marine Ecosystems
“Predicting how whole ecosystems will change in response to rising levels of CO2 is
enormously challenging”
- Steve Widdicombe
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The stresses ecosystems feel
“Pulse” disturbance storms
“Press” disturbance overfishing
“Ramp” disturbance acidification global warming deoxygenation
Time
Inte
nsity
of t
he d
istu
rban
ce
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The new world order
Expect change!
Ocean Acidification Temperature Other Stressors
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Effects on Ecosystems
“Champagne Sites” CO2 bubbles up naturally due to underlying volcanism Ecosystems show big changes
Italy
Papua-New Guinea
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pH 8.05: Today pH 7.95: ~ year 2050 pH 7.8: ~ year 2100
A window into the future of coral reefs?
Slide courtesy Katharina Fabricius Fabricius et al. (2010) Nat Clim Change
Effects on Ecosystems
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CO2 enrichment in the Deep Sea
CO2 enrichment in the Open Ocean
CO2 enrichment on the Great Barrier Reef
Simulating the Future
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The Effects on Fisheries
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Temperature tolerance
Calcification
Growth
Fecundity
Behaviour
Mortality
Nutritional value
Denitrification
Fisheries
Slide courtesy of Beth Fulton
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Fisheries
Slide courtesy of Beth Fulton
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The Effects on Fisheries Some species will decline, others will increase, with net loss of biodiversity “We will still have fisheries – if we’re willing to eat
different fish” – Beth Fulton, CSIRO
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Socio-economic impacts
$ Fisheries $ Tourism Human health and well-being Ecosystem services
“Just because something is hard to measure doesn’t
mean it’s not important”
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CO2 Emissions
Ocean Acidification
• Food webs • Fish stocks
Coral Reefs
Marine Ecosystems
• Fish Catch • Aquaculture
• Tourism • Coastal
protection • Biodiversity
Ecosystem Services • Population
• Income
Socio-economic impacts
Socio-economic impacts
From Luke Brander, grossly simplified by me
Loomis/LA TImes ARC Zabur Karuru
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“Multiple stresses – one root cause”
Smoking causes multiple health issues in the human body
Until the smoker can kick the habit: 1) Treat the symptoms rather
than the cause 2) Ask the patient to eliminate
other stresses, such as drinking, eating poorly, etc.
Emphysema
High blood pressure
Cancer
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“Multiple stresses – one root cause”
Rising atmospheric CO2 causes multiple health issues in the oceans
Until we can kick the CO2 habit 1) treat the symptoms rather
than the cause 2) Ask the patient to eliminate
other stresses, such as pollution, overfishing, etc.
Warming
Ocean acidification
Deoxygenation
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Reduce other stressors
Kelly et al. (2011) Science
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Washington State’s Blue Ribbon Panel on Ocean Acidification
Protect State’s marine resources by:
• Strengthening linkage between science and actions.
• Developing recommendations to reduce harmful effects on shellfish industry and other marine resources.
• Improving coordination, strengthening partnerships, raising public awareness.
Source: L. Whitely Binder, CIG
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The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
C40 is a network of the world’s megacities committed to addressing climate change
“While international negotiations continue to make incremental progress, C40 Cities are forging ahead. Collectively they have taken more than 4,700 actions to tackle climate change, and the will to do more is stronger than ever. As innovators and practitioners, our cities are at the forefront of this issue – arguably the greatest challenge of our time’
—Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg
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We know enough to act
We KNOW that a major catastrophic event is coming
We KNOW how to prevent it We CANNOT PREDICT exact costs, casualties
and damages But... uncertainties are NOT an excuse for
inaction - Sam Dupont
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The Declaration Stands To avoid severe and widespread
damages, all of which are ultimately driven by increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), we call for policymakers to act quickly to
incorporate these concerns into plans to stabilize atmospheric CO2 at a safe
level to avoid not only dangerous climate change but also dangerous
ocean acidification.
Prince Albert of Monaco