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Ocean Resources
Marine Resources, Mariculture, Drugs
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Classes of Marine Resources
• Physical Resources– Mineral deposits: Sand, Salt, Gravel, etc.– Fossil Fuels: Petroleum, Natural Gas– Freshwater
• Marine Energy Resources– Electrical Energy derived from:
• Thermal Energy (Heat)• Kinetic Energy (Motion of waves, tides, currents)
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Classes of Marine Resources
• Biological Resources– Plants– Animals– Microbes
• Non-Extractive Resources– Transportation– Recreation– Waste disposal
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Physical Resources
• Mineral Deposits– Salts and Minerals
• Magnesium• Sodium Chloride• Manganese nodules• Phosphorite
– Used for Cleaners, Preservatives, Fertilizers,• Gold, Silver, Copper, Zinc• Mining for these has a relatively small ecological
footprint. • High Cost
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Physical Resources
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Physical Resources
• Petroleum & Natural Gas– Oil and gas
• Often found together beneath impermeable caprock. Drilling for oil offshore requires specialized equipment and is more costly than drilling on land.
– Expensive– Pollutes– Non-Renewable
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Physical Resources
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Physical Resources
• Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill– 5000 15000 barrels/ day
• Containment efforts– Booms -- Domes– Skimming -- Caps– Dispersants -- Siphons– Relief Wells -- Burn off– Biological Components
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Physical Resources
• Full Recovery is expected to take many years.– Is currently ahead of what was expected– Economy bounced back quicker than expected as
well.
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Physical Resources
• Freshwater– Only 0.071% of Earth’s water is Liquid, fresh, and
available at the surface for humans– Saltwater has to have the salt removed:
Desalination Plants constructed• More than 1500 Desalination Plants world-wide• 3.5 billion gallons/ day & rising
– Needed for Crops, Cooling systems, Drinking, etc.
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Physical Resources
• Desalination Types– Reverse Osmosis
• A membrane is used to remove salt• Requires high pressure and energy
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Physical Resources
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Physical Resources
• Desalination Types (cont.)– Distillation
• Evaporate water and collect condensation of vapor• Can be passive, or require much energy (heat)• Condensed Vapor is pure water• Also can collect the salt that is left behind
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Marine Energy Resources
• Energy can be captured from natural motions of the ocean– Waves– Tides– Currents
• Renewable Energy source (green)
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Marine Energy Resources
• Wave Energy– Captures and convertsenergy to electricity.
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Marine Energy Resources
• Tidal Energy– Uses predictability of high and low tides to
generate electricity.
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Marine Energy Resources
• Current Energy– Continuous oceanic currents can generate
electricity.– Work like underwater wind farms
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Biological Resources
• Fish– Make up almost 84 % of the ocean’s catch– Cod, Tuna, Halibut, Herring, Anchovies, etc.
• Mollusks– Majority of ocean’s catch that is not fish– Oysters, Clams, Squid, Octopus
• Crustaceans– Shrimp, Lobster, Crab
• Algae/ Protists– Kelp, diatoms
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Biological Resources
• Fish– Most major fishing is done within
50 miles of shore. (almost all within 200)
– Technology and Fishing practices have increased the amount harvested
– Unsustainable at current rate– Many fisheries have been
overexploited
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Biological Resources
• Mollusks– Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, oysters, clams, etc.– Mostly harvested by Japanese– Over 2.5 million tons of cephalapods harvested
annually
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Biological Resources
• Crustaceans– Mostly bottom dwelling (crabs & lobsters)– Some pelagic (krill & shrimp)– Over 4 million tons harvested annually
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Biological Resources
• Algae– Kelp forests harvested for products such as:
• Toothpastes, shampoos, cosmetics• Food products (salad dressings, dairy products, frozen
foods)• Pharmeceuticals
– Also being used to create sustainable bio-fuels
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Non Extractive Resources
• Tourism– Whale watching
• Travel– Cruises– Sailing
• Shipping– Major means of import and export world wide
• Communications• Recreation
– Snorkeling, Diving
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Non Extractive Resources
• Medical Research– Pharmaceuticals can be derived fromaquatic organisms. (i.e. Cancer research)
• Waste Disposal– Unintended trash and debris is washed into the
ocean– Military Submarines and Ships allow all (non
plastic) wastes to sink to the bottom of the ocean.