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OCEN 201Introduction to Ocean &
Coastal Engineering
Instruments & MeasurementsJun Zhang
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Measurements (Laboratory & Field)• Laboratory Measurements: 1. Under well-controlled conditions or environments ,
they are easier to be conducted than the corresponding Field Measurements.
2. They are cheaper and more “accurate”. 3. In view of coastal and ocean engineering, the sizes of
the models used in laboratory measurements are much smaller than those of their prototypes. Hence, essential similarity laws must be followed.
4. It is not likely to follow all essential similarity laws in model tests, certain assumptions must be made. Therefore, Laboratory Measurements cannot totally replace the related Field Measurements.
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• Field Measurements
1. They are difficult to be conducted because of harsh environments (e.g. rough seas and high wind speed in a hurricane).
2. They are usually very expensive and may not be accurate.
3. It is necessary to conduct Field Measurements in order to examine the validity of the assumptions (such as the neglect of certain similarity laws) made in the related Laboratory Measurements.
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• Similarity Laws (Chapter 9)1. Geometric Similarity (model and prototype are
geometrically similar); that is, the corresponding ratios of their dimensions are the same.
2. Kinematic Similarity 3. Dynamic Similarity. (matching non-dimensional
coeff. between model & prototype)4. Important non-dimensional coefficients - Reynolds # (viscous)** - Froude # (gravity)** - Euler # (pressure)* - Mach # (compressibility or elasticity) - Weber # (surface tension) Table 10-3 PP354 (old version pp267)
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Measurements & Intstruments
1. Survey: water depth & beach contour (Lidar, sonar & traditional survey instruments)
2. Force or pressure (strain gage, load cell & pressure transducer)
3. Wave elevation (wave gage*, indirect measurements: pressure transducer, velocimetry, LDV, ADV & PIV)
4. Velocity (LDV, ADV & PIV, electro-magnetic meter)
5. Accelerations: Accelerometer
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Measurements & Intstruments (continue)
5. Movement or deformation (optical tracking system, PIV)
6. Wind velocity
7. Temperature
8. Salinity
9. Density
10. Sea Gilder
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Wave Gage (Capacity* & Resistance)
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Directional Wave Gages
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Principles of Strain Gages
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Pressure Transducers
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For the information about LDV & PIV and Their Applications see the supplement materials
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Facilities for Ocean & Coastal Related Lab M.
1. Wave Basins (Deepwater & Shallow water Basin: OTRC wave Basin & Hayens Coastal Lab Basin)-Directional wave generation
- Current generation (Nozzle type) - Wind generation
2. Wave Flume (1-D wave Basin, CLAB 109,) - Unidirectional wave generation - Current generation - Wind generation
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Facilities for Ocean & Coastal Related Lab M.
3. Dredging loop (Hynes coastal lab)- Current generation- Towing Carriage
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Description
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Overview
• AUV / UUV• Self-regulated
buoyancy• Propelled by battery
power• Propelled by ocean’s
thermal energy• New technology!
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History
• Preliminary designs (1986)
• Test runs: Florida, New York (1991)
• Result: the “Slocum” glider
• Scripps / Woods Hole: “Spray”
• APL-UW: “Seaglider”
• Slocum “Thermal Glider” (2005)
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Vehicle Control
• Driving force: lift provided by wings
• Pitch/roll: internal weight shift
• Onboard computers
• Surface GPS fixes
• Pressure sensors
• Tilt sensors
• Magnetic compasses
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Slocum, Spray, and Seaglider
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Webb Research “Slocum”
• Weight: 52 kg• Diameter: 21.3 cm• Length: 1.5 m• Speed: 40 cm/s• Depth: 4 – 200 m • Endurance: 30 days• Range: 1500 km• Alkaline batteries
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Webb Research “Slocum”
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Webb’s “Thermal Glider”
• Weight: 60 kg• Diameter: 21.3 cm• Length: 1.5 m• Speed: 40 cm/s• Depth: 4 – 2000 m• Endurance: 5 years! • Range: 40000 km• Environmental power
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Webb’s “Thermal Glider”
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Scripps/Woods Hole “Spray”
• Weight: 52 kg• Diameter: 20 cm• Length: 2 m• Speed: 25 cm/s• Depth: 1500 m• Endurance: 815 cycles • Range: 4700 km• Lithium cells
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Scripps/Woods Hole “Spray”
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APL-UW “Seaglider”
• Weight: 52 kg• Diameter: 30 cm• Length: 1.8 m• Speed: 25 cm/s• Depth: 1000 m• Endurance: 650 cycles • Range: 4600 km• Lithium cells
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APL-UW “Seaglider”
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Design
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Early Field Trials
• Wakulla Springs, Florida
• Straight flight, dives, turns
• Navigation and data relays
• Telemetry recorded
• Maneuvering parameters
• Instabilities found
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Test Dive Profile
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Design Solutions
• Increase glide speed
• Decrease pitch/heading oscillations
• Increase stall resistance
• Revise autopilot algorithms
• Swept wings
• Antenna moved to nose
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Test Results, Conclusions
• Glide slope ratio similar to Space Shuttle• Energy expended at bottom of dive cycle• Decrease dive cycles = less energy• How do we decrease cycles?• *Lower glide speeds* • Longer endurance • Greater range
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Applications
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Current Uses
• Slocum: shallow water, short range• Spray/Seaglider: deeper, longer dives• Take measurements
-temperature
-conductivity (salinity)
-currents
-chlorophyll fluorescence
-optical backscatter
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Current Uses
• Seaglider:
-physical, chemical oceanography
-tactical oceanography
-underwater Reconnaissance
-communications gateway
-navigation aid
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Dive Profile
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Dive Profile
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Spray: La Jolla 2001
• Underwater canyon, 3 km width
• 11 day mission
• Maintained synthetic mooring
• Plotted wave, current propagation
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Monterey 2003
• 10 Slocums and 5 Sprays
• Sample 100 square-km area
• Use networking to forecast conditions
• Example of large-scale team usage
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Monterey 2003
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Spray: Gulf Stream 2004
• New England to Bermuda• First crossing of the Gulf Stream
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Seaglider: TASWEX-04
• Navy ASW exercise, East China Sea• Battlespace assessment• Tactical remote sensing• Mission successful
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Future Uses
• ONR: Liberdade XRay
• USN “PLUSNet” program
• Largest glider
• Hydrodynamic efficiency
• Acoustics, electric field sensors
• 1-3 kt cruise, 1200-1500 km range
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Liberdade XRay
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Economics