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American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12eO'Connor | Sabato | Yanus
Copyright 2016, 2014, 2011Pearson Eduation, !n"
#$$ %ights %eser&ed
American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12eO'Connor | Sabato | Yanus
Copyright 2016, 2014, 2011Pearson Eduation, !n"
#$$ %ights %eser&ed
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3
The Federal System
Lewis W Hine/Getty Images
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rae the roots o( the (edera$ syste)and the Constitution's a$$oation o(
po*ers bet*een the nationa$ andstate go&ern)ents"
+eter)ine the i)pat o( thearsha$$ Court on (edera$is)"
3.1
3.2
3LearningObjectives
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+esribe the e)ergene and de$ineo( dua$ (edera$is)"
E-p$ain ho* ooperati&e (edera$is)$ed to the gro*th o( the nationa$go&ern)ent at the e-pense o( thestates"
3.3
3.4
3LearningObjectives
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+esribe ho* the (edera$ budget isused to (urther in($uene state and
$oa$ go&ern)ent's po$iies"
E-p$ore the ro$e o( the .udiiary asarbiter o( (edera$/state on($its"
3.5
3.6
3LearningObjectives
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#ssess the ha$$enges in ba$aningnationa$ and state po*ers and the
onseuenes (or po$iy )aing"
3.7
3LearningObjectives
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Roots of the Federal Sste!
ationa$ Po*ers 3nder the Constitution
State Po*ers 3nder the Constitution
Conurrent Po*ers 3nder the Constitution
Po*ers +enied 3nder the Constitution
!nterstate %e$ations 3nder the Constitution oa$ 5o&ern)ents 3nder the Constitution
3.1
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"ational #o$ers %nder the
&onstit'tion Enumerated powers
Coin money
Conduct foreign relations Provide for army and navy
Declare war
Collect duties and taxes
3.1
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"ational #o$ers %nder the
&onstit'tion Necessary and proper clause (elastic)
Enact laws for exercising enumerated powers
Implied powers
Supremacy clause
national laws are supreme when they
conflict with state laws
3.1
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F()%R* 3.1+ ,here doesgovern!ental a'thorit co!e fro!-
3.1
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,hen do national and stategovern!ents $or together-
3.1
Charles Dharapak/AP Images
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State #o$ers %nder the
&onstit'tion State powers not enumerated
enth !mendment "eserved powers
3.1
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&onc'rrent #o$ers %nder
the &onstit'tion #verlapping powers
Power to tax
$orrow money Esta%lish courts
Charter %an&s
Spend money for general welfare
3.1
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F()%R* 3.2 /o$ is govern!ental 0o$erdistrib'ted in the federal sste!-
3.1
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#o$ers enied %nder the&onstit'tion No state favouritism
No titles of no%ility
$ills of attainder
Ex post facto laws
3.1
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(nterstate Relations %nderthe &onstit'tion
Supreme Court settles disputes
'ull faith and credit clause
Privileges and immunities clause
Extradition clause
Interstate compacts
3.1
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Local )overn!ents %nderthe &onstit'tion
No power under Constitution
#perate under state charter (Dillons "ule
*+,+) local governments need a state charter
to operate
Counties
-unicipalities
owns
Special districts -ost numerous form of government
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F()%R* 3.3 /o$ !an govern!entseist inthe %nited States-
3.1
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a" he states
b" he peop$e
" he president
d" he (edera$ $egis$ature Congress7
3.13.1,hat is the so'rce ofgovern!ental a'thorit in the %.S.federal sste!-
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3.13.1,hat is the so'rce ofgovern!ental a'thorit in the %.S.federal sste!-a" he states
b. The people
" he president
d" he (edera$ $egis$ature Congress7
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Federalis! and the arshall
&o'rt +e(ining ationa$ Po*er McCulloch v Mar!land18197
#((ir)ing ationa$ Po*er
Gi""ons v #$den18247
3.2
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Federalis! and the arshall
&o'rt i)iting the :i$$ o( %ights %arron v %altimore18;;7
:arron operated doing businessCity o( :a$ti)ore deposited dirt in a *har(
during onstrution
ot ab$e to operate
Sued (or &io$ation o(
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ening "ational #o$er+
McCulloch v. Maryland118 Seond :an o( the 3"S"
State o( ary$and tried to ta-
'irst Court decision to define national and state
government relationship
Could Congress charter a %an&.
Could states tax it.
3.2
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9:r!ing "ational #o$er+
Gibbons v. Ogden 1248 Congresss authority under commerce clause
disputed
e* Yor State egis$ature ga&e e-$usi&e ontrat to(erryboat operator %obert =u$ton on the >udson %i&er
Congress $iensed ship to sai$ on sa)e *aters
Power to regulate /ust products or commercial activity too.
"uling0 Congress can regulate commercial activity
New 1or& had no authority to grant monopoly
3.2
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Li!iting the ;ill of Rights+Barron v. Baltimore 1338
Eminent 2uaranteed Domain Clause
%y 'ifth !mendment
:arron operated doing business
City o( :a$ti)ore deposited dirt in a *har(
during onstrution
ot ab$e to operate
Sued (or &io$ation o(
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3.23.2,hich S'0re!e &o'rt casesrestricted the 0o$ers of the nationalgovern!ent-a %arron v %altimore 18;;7
" McCulloch v Mar!land 18197
c Gi""ons v #$den 18247
d" one o( the abo&e
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3.23.2,hich S'0re!e &o'rt casesrestricted the 0o$ers of the nationalgovern!ent-a %arron v %altimore 18;;7
" McCulloch v Mar!land 18197
c Gi""ons v #$den 18247
d. None of the above
l F d li St t
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'al Federalis!+ Stateshe Dred Scott ecision
Dre !cott "# !anfor (*+
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Reconstr'ction and the>ransfor!ation of 'al
Federalis! Nullification dual federalism destroyed %y Civil >ar
"econstruction New state constitutions
Supreme Court limits state power!llowed 85S5 Congress to regulate economic relationships
-onopolies outlawed
Interstate Commerce !ct
Sherman !nti;trust !ct
$ut said manufacturing was not commerce!lso said that personal income tax was unconstitutional
3.3
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/o$ did the relationshi0 bet$een stateand national govern!ents change afterthe &ivil ,ar-
3.3
!o$thern Pacific %ews &$rea$/AP Images
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9!ending the "ational?State Relationshi0
Sixteenth !mendment #verrode Court Decision 'ederal personal income ax IS
constitutional
-oney is power
Seventeenth !mendment (*7*?) Direct election of senators
oo& power away from State @egislatures
3.3
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3.33.3>he theor that states can ref'seto abide b federal la$s violates $hat
cla'se of the &onstit'tion-
a" Supre)ay $ause
b" eessary and Proper $ause
" =irst #)end)ent
d" =u$$ =aith and Credit $ause
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3.33.3>he theor that states can ref'seto abide b federal la$s violates $hat
cla'se of the &onstit'tion-
a. Supremacy clause
b" eessary and Proper $ause
" =irst #)end)ent
d" =u$$ =aith and Credit $ause
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Need for National Actions Arise:
The New Deal $an& 'ailures Common in *7:A4s
*7:* Slump in agriculture prices
*7:, Construction industry went into decline
*7:7 Inventories of consumer goods and automo%iles were
at all time high (
few people could afford to %uy or didn4t feel comforta%le
spending money #cto%er :7 *7:7 stoc& prices crashed
Nations economy went with it5
3.3
i d li
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&oo0erative Federalis!+)ro$th of "ational
)overn!ent Cooperati&e =edera$is)
arb$e ae &ersus $ayer ae
eed (or ationa$ #tions #rise? he e*+ea$
3.4
" d f " ti l 9 ti
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"eed for "ational 9ction9rises+ >he "e$ eal 2reat Depression
New Deal programs increased federal authority
New and unprecedented levels of federal government
intervention
!lpha%etocracy
'B! 'ederal Bousing !dministration
CCC Civilian Conservation Corps
!!! ; !gricultural !d/ustment !dministration National "ecovery !dministration
States could not solve these pro%lems on their own5
3.4
" d f " ti l 9 ti
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"eed for "ational 9ction9rises+ >he "e$ eal
@ocal government involvement
'ederal 2overnment would often wor& directly with cities
City officials turned out voters to support programs
Constitutional challenges
-any !cts declared unconstitutional
"oosevelt threatened to re3uest appointment of -ore
/ustices ($etween and ,) court pac&ingF would ma/ority of /ustices that would support the
acts5
Court responded %y stopping declaring future acts unconstitutional
3.4
" d f " ti l 9 ti
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"eed for "ational 9ction9rises+ >he "e$ eal
!lso "oosevelt had the opportunity to nominate his first
Supreme Court /ustice
$y *7: all %ut two of the /ustices were his appointees
3.4
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/o$ did FR
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3.43.4,hat do $e call the t0e offederalis! that develo0ed in the 13@s-
a" e* +ea$ (edera$is)
b" Progressi&e (edera$is)
" ayer ae (edera$is)
d" Cooperati&e (edera$is)
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3.43.4,hat do $e call the t0e offederalis! that develo0ed in the 13@s-
a" e* +ea$ (edera$is)
b" Progressi&e (edera$is)
" ayer ae (edera$is)
d. Cooperative federalism
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Federal )rants to State andLocal )overn!ents
Categoria$ 5rants
:$o 5rants
3n(unded andates
Progra))ati %euests
3.5
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&ategorical )rants
85S5 Congress appropriates funds for a specificpurpose
Su%/ect to detailed conditions imposed %y the national
government 'ederal 2overnment may provide up to 7AG pf funding
for programs
2rants serve ? purposesProvide funds
!ddress national pro%lems
"edistri%ute funds %etween rich and poor states
3.5
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&ategorical )rants
2reat Society
@yndon $aines Hohnson
>ar #n PovertyF
>anted to com%at poverty through ur%an
renewal education reform and unemployment
relief
2rants used as coercion to cooperate
-oney given to states local government and
citi=en action groups if necessary
3.5
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;loc )rants
$loc& grants less restrictive 2ive states more discretion in spending funds
2eneral spending guidelines
Hohnson !dministration started
-ore common during the Nixon !dministration (*76A4s) New 'ederalism
"eturn to power of states ; devolution
!lso very common in "eagan !dministration and
Clinton !dministration Devolution revolution
3.5
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%nf'nded andates
8nfunded mandates
'ederal laws that states must implement without additional
federal funding5
8nfunded -andates "eform !ct of *77< Congress cannot pass a law without de%ating how to fund it5
Difficult to enforce
No Child @eft $ehind (:AA*) 'ederal "e3uirements on standards for class si=e testing a teacher
competency
Did not consider or a lot money for meeting the re3uirements
3.5
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,ho s'00orted scaling bac the federalgovern!ent and increasing the 'se ofbloc grants-
3.5
7ohn D$ricka/AP Images
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#rogra!!atic ReA'ests
'unds earmar&ed for specific pro/ects within
states
Secured %y lo%%yists or mem%ers of Congress
for their districts
3.5
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3.53.5/o$ do bloc grants diBer fro!categorical grants-
a" hey pro&ide $ess )oney to states"
b" hey pro&ide )ore )oney to states"
" hey ha&e (e*er restritions on ho* they
are spent
d" hey ha&e )ore restritions on ho* theyare spent
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3.53.5/o$ do bloc grants diBer fro!categorical grants-
a" hey pro&ide $ess )oney to states"
b" hey pro&ide )ore )oney to states"
c. They have fewer restrictions on how
they are spent
d" hey ha&e )ore restritions on ho* theyare spent
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C'dicial Federalis!
he "ehn3uist Court
he "o%erts Court
3.6
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>he RehnA'ist &o'rt
#ppointed by %eagan
Co))itted to states' rights
%o$$ed ba (edera$ authority U' v (ope)199
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>he Roberts &o'rt
Aith (edera$ go&ern)ent, has )ade
deisions about?
!))igration >ea$th are re(or)
3.6
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3.63.6Fro! the "e$ eal 'ntil the1@s= the attit'de of the &o'rt to$ard
federal a'thorit $as+a" o e-pand it
b" o $i)it it
" o e-pand it in one or t*o areas on$y
d" o eep the ba$ane as the =ra)ers
intended in the 1B80s
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3.63.6Fro! the "e$ eal 'ntil the1@s= the attit'de of the &o'rt to$ard
federal a'thorit $as+a. To expand it
b" o $i)it it
" o e-pand it in one or t*o areas on$y
d" o eep the ba$ane as the =ra)ers
intended in the 1B80s
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#rogressive Federalis!
Pragmatic approach Coercion and cooperation
federal government tries to reach consensus and esta%lish a
national standard
%ut if that fails national policy ma&ers may em%race states efforts
to address that policy issue5
9'ree;for;all9 federalism
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/o$ do vie$s on the role ofgovern!ent change-
3.7
Da"i !ipress / 3he %ew 8orker Collection / www#cartoon(ank#com
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3.73.7,hat is the !ain arg'!entagainst 0rogressive federalis!-
a" States $egis$atures unab$e agree on state
standards
b" ationa$ standards too hard (or poor statesto )eet
" Cost$y to o)p$y *ith di((ering state
standardsd" +i((iu$t to reah onsensus on nationa$
standards
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3.73.7,hat is the !ain arg'!entagainst coo0erative federalis!-
a" States $egis$atures unab$e agree on state
standards
b" ationa$ standards too hard (or poor statesto )eet
c. Costly to comply with differing state
standardsd" +i((iu$t to reah onsensus on nationa$
standards
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isc'ssion D'estions
Did the 'ramers intend for federal or state
governments to %e supreme in the federal system.
Bow has the %alance of power %etween state and
federal governments shifted. >hy have these
changes occurred.
3