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October 21, 2015
• Journal Question: Why is your body temperature always around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit?
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Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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What is Anatomy?
• Literally means to cut apart• The study of internal and external structures of plants and animals
• How living things are put together
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Two Types of Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy: Study of structures only seen with magnification aids.
• Macroscopic Anatomy: Study of structures visible to the naked eye• Also known as Gross Anatomy
• Examples?
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Femur
Lungs
Stomach Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Ear
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Would the following items fall under Microscopic or
Macroscopic Anatomy?
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What is Physiology?
• The study of how body parts function
• How the body works
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How does anatomy relate to physiology?
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• If the structure is not right, the function can’t be right either.
• Abnormal structure and function = disease
• Example: Sickle Cell
Structure (anatomy) determines function
(physiology)
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Homeostasis
• Physiological mechanisms that work to maintain a constant internal environment
• Examples?
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Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms
1. Receptor – detects stimuli and sends signal on an afferent pathway to the control center.
2. Control Center – interprets signal and decides how to act.
3. Effector – information flows from the control center along the efferent pathway to the effector.
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How do homeostatic mechanisms work?
Receptor(Start)
Control Center
Effector
Afferent Pathway
Efferent Pathway
If the body detects that its normal set-point is either to high or to
low it will respond.
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Example
• When your body gets to hot, what happens?• Send signal to control center in the brain
• Brain signals a response• Sweat is released and blood vessels get bigger
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Positive Feedback Loops
• Loop continues in the same direction and increases magnitude of change to the body
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Negative Feedback Loops
• Loop moves in the opposite direction of a stimulus
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Determine if the scenario represents a positive or negative feedback homeostatic
system:
a.A car starts rolling out of a driveway w/o a driver. A person decides to respond by pushing the car in the direction that makes it leave the driveway faster.
b.Your blood calcium level is low so your body begins to break down bone tissue so that calcium is released into the blood.
c.A neuron is stimulated and sodium goes rushing into the cell. The more it is stimulated the more sodium goes rushing in, thus enhancing the stimulus.
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Metabolism
• In order to maintain homeostasis many chemical reactions have to take place in your body. These chemical reactions are collectively called your metabolism
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Two Types of Metabolic Pathways:
1. Anabolism – the process by which simpler compounds are built up and used for growth, repair and reproduction.
Examples - cellular respiration to ATP
2. Catabolism – the process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances.
Examples – hydrolysis of fats or glycogen.
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Homeostasis Lab!
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Understanding Anatomy and Physiology Terminology
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Prefixes
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Abdomin/o - Abdomen
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Angi/o - Vessel
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Arthr/o - Joint
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Cardi/o - Heart
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Cyan/o - Blue
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Cyt/o - Cell
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Derm/o - Skin
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Erythr/o - Red
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Gastr/o - Stomach
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Glyc/o - Sugar
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Hepat/o - Liver
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Hist/o - Tissue
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Leuk/o - White
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Mamm/o - Breast
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Nephr/o - Kidney
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Neur/o - Neuron
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Oste/o - Bone
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Phag/o - Swallow
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Path/o - Disease
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Rhin/o - Nose
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Acro - Extremities
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Brady - Slow
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Dys - Difficult
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Electro - Electric
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Macro - Large
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Micro - Small
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Tachy - Fast
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Peri- around
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A or An- Without
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Dia- Through
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Suffixes
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-algia: Pain
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-ectomy: Surgical Removal
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-itis: Inflammation
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-graphy: the process of recording
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-ologist: One Who Studies
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-otomy: Cutting Into
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-ostomy: Surgically forming an opening
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-phobia: fear
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Decoding Medical Terminology
• When defining medical terms normally the suffix is said first, followed by the combining word. • Example: Gastrologist - one who studies the stomach
• If a medical term has a prefix and a combining word you normally say it in the order it is written.• Example: Bradycardia - slow heart rate
• If there is a prefix, a combining word, and a suffix, you say the suffix first and then the prefix and then the middle word• Example: Endoabdominalgia - pain within the abdomen
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Writing out Medical Terminology
• When writing out medical terms for most instances the suffix indicates the last part of the term first.• Example: Inflammation of the stomach is gastritis
• When putting together a combing word and a suffix you do not use the letter “O” at the end of the combing word if the suffix begins with a vowel, but you use the letter “O” if the suffix begins with a consonant • Example: Gastr/o + -itis = Gastritis• Example: Leuk/o + -cyte = Leukocyte
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Practice with Decoding and Writing Medical
Terms
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• Cranial Cavity• Abdominal Cavity• Diaphragm• Ventral Cavity• Thoracic cavity• Mediastinum• Vertebral Canal• Pelvic Cavity• Abdominopelvic cavity• Pleural Cavity• Pericardial Cavity
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Body Cavities