![Page 1: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents
Brian R. Dawson
![Page 2: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Corr r re rc ia l ( C f f - S i t e ) S o l v e n t F e c l a f i . a t i c r
k y : E r i s n F . r ,awson
c o l v e n t R r - s c u r c c E e c o v e r y , I n c .
( d i v j s i o n of Chemj.cal 1:aste V a n a g e n e n t , T n c . )
S o l v e n t s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t of ~ o s t i n d u s t r i a l
o p e r a t i o n s . P l n o s t a l l p l a n t s u s e s o l v e n t s , u s u a l l y f o r
c l e a n i n g , E e g r e a s i n g , p a i n t i n g , p a i n t s t r i p p i n g , o r e x t r a c t i o n
p u r p o s e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p rob lem of p r o p e r manaaen:ent o f s o l v e n t
w a s t e s is a w i d e s p r e a d c o n c e r n . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l d i s p o s a l
r e t h o d c a v a i l a b l e t o s o l v e n t u s e r s , b u t i n ~ ~ o s t c a s e s t h e m o s t
e n v i r o n r z e n t a l l y sound and e c o r o r i c a l c h o i c e i s n o t t o d i s F o c e o f
t h e s o l v e n t a t a l l , b u t t o r e c y c l e i t .
Tf we b r i e f l y r ~ v i e w t h e g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d p r i o r i t y l i s t of
h a z a r d o u s w a s t e managem.ent, we s e e t h a t f i r s t , i t i s i n c u r b e n t
upon g e n e r a t o r s o f ~ 2 s t e t o i n s t i t u t e a prog'ram t o r e d u c e t h e
an.ount of w a s t e g e n e r a t e d . S e c o n d , a f t e r t h e a m o u n t o f w a s t e
g e n e r a t e d h a s b e e n n i i n i r , i z e d , r e c y c l i n g i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e n e x t
m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e a l t e r n a t i v e . T h i r d o n m o s t l i s t s i s
i n c i n e r a t i o n , anG f o u r t h is chenicz .1 o r b i o l o g i c a l t r e a t r r e n t t o
r e n d e r t h e w a c t e r o n - h a z a r d o u s . L a n d f i l l s , d e e p - w e l l i n j e c t i o n
![Page 3: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
\ i
'.. '.
and n t h e r n e t h o e s f a l l f u r t P e r down t h e l i s t .
Es you c a n s e e , r e c y c l i n o is r a n k e d v e r y h i g h or! t h e
p r i c r i t y l i s t of a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r h a z a r d o u s w a s t e r ! a n a g e m e n t .
T h i s i s b e c a u s e i t a c c o m p l i s h e s t w o v e r y i m p o r t a n t
o b j e c t i v e s ... o n e , i t f u r t h e r r i n i m i z e s t h e a u a n t i t y o f w a s t e t o
be h a n d l e d , a n d t k c , i t c o n s e r v e s p r e c i o u s n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s .
t ; a s t e m i n i ~ ~ i z a t i o n i s a c c o m p l i s h e d b e c a u s e t h e r e c l a i m e d s o l v e n t
b e c o r i e s a u s a k ' l e p r o d u c t , no l o n g e r a w a s t e . N s t u r a l r e s o u r c e
c o n s e r v a t i o n i s a c c o r p l i s h e d b e c a u s e t h e p e t r o c h e m i c a l b u i l d i n g
blocks n e c e s s a r y f c r v i r q i n n , a n u f a c t u r f a r e n o t r e q u i r e d , and t h e
u t i l i t y r e q u i r e r e n t s ( s u c h a s e l e c t r i c i t y an6 s t e a r c ) t o r e c l a i r :
a r e i, f r a c t i o n o f t h e r e q u i r e n e n t f o r v i r g i n m a n u f a c t u r e .
T h e r e a r e many t y p e s o f s o l v e n t s t h a t a r e commonly r e c y c l e d .
l ios t p r e v a l e n t a r p c a i n t s o l v e n t s . h l m o s t any i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s
i n v o l v e s p a i n t i n g , and r e q u i r e s s o l v e n t f o r a p p l i c a t i o n , c l e a n i n q
of p a i n t r,asks, s p r a y e q u i p m e n t , a n d l i n e f l u s h i n g . E v e n t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e o f p a i n t r e q u i r e s s o l v e n t s f o r c l e a n i n g of m i x i n g
e q u i p m e n t , and t r a n s f e r . l i n e s . T h e s o l v e n t s g e n e r a l l y used f o r
t h e s e p u r p o s e s a r e v a r i o u s n i x t u r e s o f k e t o n e s ( s u c h a s a c e t o n e ,
r r e t b y 1 e t h y l k e t o n e , and n e t h y l i s o b u t y l k e t o n e ) , e s t e r s ( s u c h a s
e t h y l a c e t a t e , n - h u t y l . e c e t a t e , and i s o p r o p y l a c e t a t e ) , a l c o h o l s
( s u c h a s e t h a n o l , i s o p r o p a n o l , a ~ d n - b u t a n o l ) , a n d a r o r , a t i c
h y d r o c a r b o n s ( s u c h a s t o l u e n e and x y l e n e ) .
![Page 4: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
T n t h e n e t a l w o r k i n g i n d u s t r y , l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s , c u t t i n g
n i l s , s n d areaces a r e c s e d i n t b e p r o c e s ~ e s , and n u s t he rerr,oved
p r i r : r t o f u r t h e r w o r k , s u c h a s p l a t i n g c r p a i n t i n g . The s o l v e n t s
u$,ed f o r tb i s t y p e o f c l e a n i n g i r i c l u d e c h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s
a n d ~ e t r o l e u n ~ d i s t i l l a t e s s u c h as v a r i o u s m i n e r a l s p i r i t s ,
t o l u e n e , and x y l e n e .
I n t b e ~ t i n t i n a i n d u s t r y , s o l v e n t s a r e u s e d a s i n k
a d d i t i v e s , a n d a l s o f o r c l e a n i n g of r o l l e r s a n d ~ r e s s e s .
Commonly u s e d a r e a l c o h o l s , e s t e r s , and a r o m a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s , a s
w e l l a s v a r i o u s r . i x t u r e s t h e r e o f .
T h e e l e c t r o n i c s i n d u s t r y u s e s n ,any s o l v e n t s f o r c l e a n i n g ,
s t r i p r - i n q , d e f l u x i n y , a n d ev6-n a s a p h o t o - r e s i s t d e v e l o p e r f o r
p r i n t e d c i r c u i t b o a r d s . C e n e r . a l l y u s e d a r e c h l o r i n a t e d a n d
f l u o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s .
. .
T h e r e a r e a l s o t h o u s a n d s c f s n a l l c c m n ' e r c i a l e s t a h l i s h r v e n t s ,
s u c h a s a u t o r e p a i r g a r a g e s , a u t o body shops , and d r y c l e a n e r s
u s i n g s o l v e n t s s u c h a s p e t r o l e u n h y d r o c a r b o n s , p a i n t t h i n n e r s ,
and p e r c h l o roe t h y 1 ene .
V i r t u a l l y . a . l 1 s o l v e n t use a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e p h y s i c a l i n
n a t u r e - n o t c h e m i c a l . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e cberrical s t r u c t u r e of
t h e s o l v e n t is n o t a l t e r e d . I t is n : e r e l y c o n t a m i n a t e d , s o t h e
p u r p o s e cf s o l v e n t r e c l a v a t i o n j ? t o r e r o v e t h e i m p u r i t i e s ,
![Page 5: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
n.ak ina t h e s o l v e n t a v a i l a b l e f o r r e u s e . T h e r e c l a r r a t i o n F r o c e s s
also d o e s n o t c h e m i c a l l y a l t e r t h e s o l v e n t s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e r e i s
no l i r r i t t o t h e number o f t i n e s a s o l v e n t n,ay b e r e c y c l e d o r
r e u s e d .
C n - s i t e r e c l a n , a t i o n , where ~ . . r a c t i c a l , is g e n e r a l l y p r e f e r r e d
t o o f f - s i t e r e c l a m a t i o n , i n o r 2 e r t o a v o i d t h e r i s k and l i a b i l i t y
of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . 'If n o t p r a c t i c a l , t h o u g h , due t o e c o n o m i c oc
c u a l i t y l i r r i t a t i o n s , o f f - s i t e r e c l a n a t i o c s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s
Y O U K r ex t a l t e r n a t i v e .
T h e r e a r e two b a s i c t y p e s o f o f f - s i t e o r c o m n e r c i a l s o l v e n t
r e c y c l i n g a v a i l a b l e . C n e i s c u s t o l ~ ~ t o l l r e c y c l i n g , w h e r e t h e
q e n e r a t o r ' s s F e n t s o l v e n t s a r e k e p t s e g r e g a t e d , a n d b a t c h
p r o c e s s e d s e p a r a t e l y t o t h e q e n e r a t o r ' s s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t h e n
r e t u r n e d f o r r c u s ~ . . K h i l e t h e r c q u i r e m e n t . s v a r y anong d i f f e r e n t
~ r o c f ~ ~ o r s , t h e n i n i r r u m b a t c h s i z e is g e n e r a l l y l , O C O - 2 , 0 C C
g a l l o n s , s o t h i s o p t i o n is u s u a l l y l i c i t e d t o l a r g e r g e n e r a t o r s
of w a s t e .
T h e L a t c h s i z e l i m i t a t i o n s a r e c a u s e d b y p r o c e s s i n ?
e q u i p r e n t s i z e , e c o n o r r i e s o f s c a l e , and s o m e t i r e s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
ccs t s .
T h e p r o c e s s i n ? e q u i p r . e n t is e n a i n e e r e d t o h a n d l e l a r g e
vo lumes of w a s t e , and s r r , a l l b a t c h e s w i l l n o t "wet ." t h e s y s t e m ,
![Page 6: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
cau .c inq a v e r y low p e r c e n t a g e o f r t c c v e r y . I f t h e d i s t i l l a t i o n
s y s t e r i s d c s i o n e d t o c i r c u l ~ t e 5 C C g a l l o n s t h r o u g h t h e h e a t
e x c h a n g e r , a 1 , 0 0 0 q a l l o n b a t c h of w a s t e p rocessed c a n y i e l d a
r a x i r u r : , of 50% r e c c v e r y . However , a 2,OOC g a l l o n b a t c h c a n y i e l d
7 5 % r e c o v e r y , a 3 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n b a t c h c a n y i e l d 8 3 % r e c o v e r y , a
4,OCO q a l l o n b a t c h can y i e l d 8 0 % , anc! s o c n .
€ . c o n o r ? i e s o f s c a 1 . e r e a l i z e d f r o m l a r g e r h a t c h s i z e s come
f r o r t . h e c h a r g e o r f i l l t ime, h e a t u~ t i r e , s t i l l b o t t o p s pumping
t i n e , and c l e a n o u t t i r e . Each of t h e s e s t e p s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r
a l l b a t c h e s , a n d r e q u i r e a p p r o x i r r a t e l y t h e s a w amount o f t i n l e
w h e t h e r p r o c e s s i n g 1 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s , o r 4 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s .
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n cos ts a r e o f t e n c o m p a r a b l e , w h e t b e r s b i p p i n q
f u l l t r u c k l o a d s o r p a r t i a l t r u c k l o a d s , so t h e l a r g e r t b e q u a n t i t y
s h i p p e d t r a n s l a t e s t o a lower c o s t p e r g a l l o n .
T f t h e a b o v ? l i m i t a t i o n s c a n b e overcome, s i g n i f i c a n t
h e n e f i t s c a n be r e a l i z e d . The g e n e r a t o r c a n h e a s s u r e d t h a t t h e
r e c l a i m e d s o l v e n t r e t u r n e d i s not c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h a n y s o l v e n t
f o r e i q n t o h i s s y s t e n i , s i n c e t h e w a s t e i s k e p t s e g r e g a t e d t h r o u g h
a l l p r o c e s s i n g s t e p s , t h e r e b y s i m ~ l i f y i n g q u a l i t y a s s u r a n c e a n d
q u a l i t y c o n t r o l . T h e g e n e r a t o r i s a l s o d e a l i n g w i t h a " k n o w n "
e n t i t y , i . e . t h e s o l v e n t r e t u r n e d i s c o m i n g f r o m s o l v e n t w a s t e
a l r e a d y u s e d i n h j s o p e r a t i o n s . T h i s c a n s i I r F l i f y SAPA T i t l e I11
a n d r ; c r k e r F igh t - to -Know c o n c e r n s .
![Page 7: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
r c o n o m i c s , o f custon t o l l r e c y c l i n g a r e g o v e r n e d by f o u r key
f a c t o r s . The f i r s t i s p r o c e s s i n g c o s t . P r o c e s s i n ? c o s t s n o t
o n l y e n t a i l t h e u s u a l i t e m s s u c h a s l a b o r , u t i l i t i e s , a n d
e q u i r ' r e n t i n v e s t n e n t , b u t a l s o t h e a d r r i n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r : a i n t a i n i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o m p l i a n c e . F r o c e s s i n g r
c o s t s a r e a l s o a f f e c t e d hy s p e c i f i c a t i o n s r e q u i r e d . T h e n a r r o w e r
o r t i q h t e r t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e r e c l a i m e d s o l v e n t , t h e
h i g h r r t h e c o s t , e s p e c i a l l y i f d r y i n g is r e q u i r e d . S e c o n d i s t h e
d i s p o s a l c o s t o f t h e s t i l l b o t t o m r e s i d u e s , o r o t h e r w i s e
u n r e c o v e r e d c o r t i o n s o f t h e w a s t e s t r e a m . T h i r d i s
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t . L , a s t , t h o u g h p r o b a b l y r : O s t i m p o r t a n t , i s
t h e F e r c e n t r e c o v e r y , o r y i e l d . The h i g h e r t h e y i e l d , t h e l o w e r
t h e u n i t F r o c e s s i n g c o s t , t h e lower t h e d i s p o s a l c o s t , a n d t h e
l ower t h e u n i t t r a n s r o t t a t i o n c o s t .
C e n e r a l l y , a f t e r a l l c o s t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d , t h e r e c l a i r c e d
s o l v e n t i?. r e t u r n e d t o t h e g e n e r a t o r a t a p r i c e s i r r i l a r t o o r
s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n v i r g i n s o l v e n t p u r c h a s e . K h i l e t h i s may n o t
seem t o b e v e r y r r o t i v a t i n g , we m u s t n o t f o r g e t t o c o n s i d e r t h e
a l t e r n a t i v e - i f t h e s p e n t s o l v e n t is n o t r e c y c l e d , i t m u s t be
d j s p o s e d , a n d d i s p o s a l c o s t s a r e v e r y h i g h t h e s e d a y s .
T h e r e f o r e , r e c y c l i n g a v o i d s t h e d i s p o s a l a l t e r n a t i v e , and makes
t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e a v a i l a b l e ~ O K r e u s e .
T h e second Forrr of c o r m e r c i a l r e c l a r r a t i o n is known a s " o p e n
![Page 8: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
m a r k e t " r e c y c l i n g , & h e r e t h e s p e n t s o l v e n t s a r e c o - n , i n g l e d w i t h
l i k e o r s i n ~ i l a r w a s t r s f r o m n a n y g e n e r a t o r s , and p r o c e s s e d t o
s p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r r e s a l e and r e u s e i n t h e m a r k e t p l a c e a s r e f i n e d
s o l v e n t . T h i s o p t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e t o v i r t u a l l y a l l g e n e r a t o r s o f
s p e n t s o l v e n t s , a s l o n g a s t h e r e c y c l i n g f a c i l i t y o f f e r s t h e
s e r v i c e ( s o m e c o ~ ~ p a n i e s s p e c i a l i z e i n o n l y C U S ~ O N , t o l l
r e c y c l i n g ) , and t h e r e i s a r e s a l e r r a r k e t f o r t h e r e f i n e d p r o d u c t .
Cne o t h e r p o t e n t i a l l i m i t a t i o n i n v o l v e s w a s t e s e g r e g a t i o n - i f a
y e n e r s t o r is u s i n ? s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t s o l v e n t s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s
of h i s o p e r a t i o n , and c o - m i n g l e s t h e w a s t e , t h e r e i s a s t r o n g
l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e r e f i n e d s o l v e n t f rom t h a t w a s t e r a y n o t be
s u i t a b l e f o r r e s a l e , l e a v i n g d i s p o s a l a s t h e o n l y a l t e r n a t i v e .
Though t h e r e a r e e x c e p t i o n s , most s o l v e n t waste s t r eams a r e
s u i t a b l e f o r r e c o v e r y . S i n c e t h e r e c y c l e r w i l l be d e r i v i n g
r e v e n u e f r o m t h e r e s a l e o f t h e p r o d u c t , t h e b e n e f i t t o t h e
g e n e r a t o r c a n k,e a l ower d i s p o s a l c o s t . A l s o , t h e g e n e r a t o r can
b e a c s u r e d t h a t h i s w a s t e i s b e i n g rranaged i n an e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y
a c c e p t a b l e n a n n e r , w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g b e n e f i t of n a t u r a l
r e s o u r c e c o n s e r v a t i o n .
T h e c h a r g e s a s s e s s e d f o r t b e n a n a g e m e n t o f s p e n t s o l v e n t s
t h r o u g h " o p e n n : a r k e t " r e c y c l i n g v a r y w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e r e s a l e
v a l i i e cf t h e r e f i n e d s o l v e n t . T h e g e n e r a l " r u l e of t h u m b " i n t h e
i n d u s t r y is t h a t r e f i n e d s o l v e n t s s e l l i n g f o r 1.ess t h a n $ 0 . 2 0 p e r
pound a r e n a r k e t e d a t e @ % of v i r g i n p r i c e , and t h o s e s e l l i n g f a r
![Page 9: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
i l o r e t h a n s C . 2 0 g e r y o u n d a r e r m r k e t e d a t 3 C 6 o f v i r g i n p r i c e .
S i n c e t h e c o s t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e c y c l i n g have no r e l a t i o n s h i p t o
~ a r k e t p r i c e , i n o r d e r f o r a r e c y c l e r t o R a k e a p r o f i t o n l o w
p r i c e d ~ e c l a i n ~ e d s o l v e n t , d i s p o s a l c h a r g e s n u s t b e a s s e s s e d .
{ c h i l e t h e c h a r a e s w i l l v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n q u a n t i t y a n d
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , f o r n o c t n o n - c h l o r i n a t e d s o l v e n t s t h e d i s p o s a l
c r i c e i s i n t h e r a n g e of $ 5 0 - $ 1 @ 0 p e r drurr!.
Vost c h l o r i n s t e d s o l v e n t s h a v e a h i g h e r r e s a l e v a l u e , a n d
u n d e r c e r t a i r : c i c c u r s t a v c e a , sor4e g e n e r a t o r s a r e e v e n p a i s f o r
t h e i r c h l o r i n a t e d h a s t e . P o r e f r e q u e n t l y , t h o u g h , t h e c h a r g e s
a r e in t b e r a n g e of f r e e C i s p o s a l t o $50 F e r d r u m .
T h e t h r e e key f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e d i s p o s a l c o s t ( o t h e r
t h a n c h l o r i n a t e d v s . r o n - c h l o r i n a t e d ) a r e q u a n t i t y ,
t r a n s p o r t ~ t i o n , a n 6 c h a r a c t e r o f t h e i m p u r i t i e s . I t t a k e s
e x a c t l y t h e same anour3 t o f t i n . e t o p r o c e s s t h e p a p e r w o r k a n d
p e r f o r r t h e a n a l y s e s f o r o n e d run a s f o r f o r t y d r u m s , s o t h e x o r e
d r u n , s s h i p p e d / r e c e i v e d h a v e a l o w e r u n i t p r o c e s s i n g c o s t .
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s a r e a f f e c t e d i n a s i r r i l a r F a n n e r . F e r h a G s
t h e s i n g l e rcost k e y f a c t o r , t h o u g h , i s t b e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e
i n F u r i t i e s . I f w a t e r i s p r e s e n t i n t h e wast.e, i t t o o t h e n
h e c o 8 i . e ' ~ a w a s t e t h a t n u s t Le r . r o p e r l y m a n a g e d , a t h i g h c o s t .
Sol ii!, o r "non-pumpat - le" j r p u r i t i e s a c e n o t r e c o v e r a b l e , and m u s t
be y r o p e r l y d i s p o s e d a t h i g h c o s t . L ,as t , f o r e i g n o b j e c t s , s u c h
a s r a g s , g l o v e s , n u t s , b o l t s , f i l t e r c a r t r i d g e s , pop c a n s , p a p e r
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c u p s , e t c . & r e s e n t i n t h e w a s t e n u s t h e s e p a r a t e d a n d p r o p e r l y
c 1 i s : ~ o s e d a s w a s t e , u s u a l l y by i n c i n e r a t i o n . V h e n w a s t e
m i n i m i z a t i o n t e c t : n i c u e s a r e b e i n ? c o n s i d e r e d , c a r e s h o u l d h e
t a k e n t o a v o i d S O I P ~ of t h e r e i r p u r i t i e : , a s t . h e y add s i q n i f i c a n t
c o s t t o t h e F ' rocess ing ! of s o l v e n t w a s t e .
T e c h n o l o g i e s e x i s t t o d a y t o a s s u r e h i g h q u a l i t y r e u s a b l e
s o l v e n t . T h e p r e v a i l i n g m e t h o d of p r o c e s s i n g i s d i s t i l l a t i o n or
v a ~ o r i z a t i o n . P 1 1 r e c y c l e r s use t h e salce b a s i c s y s t e m s a n d
t e c h n o l o o y , b u t t h e y a p p l y t h o s e s y s t e m s i n a h i g h l y
i n d i v i d u a l i z e d manner .
? !any s o l v e n t s c a n h e p r o c e s s e d i n t o a r e u s a b l e s t a t e b y
s i m p l e v a p o r i z a t i o n . T h i s is u s u a l l y d o n e i n a p o t s t i l l o r
t h i n - f i l i r e v a p o r a t o r .
I n t h e p o t s , t i l l , t h e s p e n t s o l v e n t i s c h a r g e d t o t h e
s y s t e n . , t h e r ? P t e a t e d t o t , o i l i r l c : b y s t e m o r h o t o i l h e a t
e x c h a n g e r s . T h e h e a t e x c h a n o e r s c a n b e e i t h e r i n t e r n a l o r
e x t e r n a l . C n c e b o i l i n g , t h * ? o l v e n t v a F o r s e x i t t h e s y s t e m t o a
w a t ~ r cooled h e a t e x c h a n g e r , t h e n c o o l e d t o a c l e a n s o l v e n t
l i q u i d . T h e non-v r : : l ; i t iZc~ r e s i d u c . s , o r s t i l l b o t t o r r s , a r e t h e n
r ;ur :ped to s t o r z 9 e a w a i t i n g f i n a l Z i s p o s a l . C : i t h s t r i c t l a n d
d i s p o s a l r e g u l a t i o c s i n e f f e c t , t h e u s u ; . l , most c o s t - e f f i c i e n t
r?!is;Fosal. ~ r t h o d i s t h r c ~ g b a w a s t e d e r i v e d f u e l F:roqran. T h i s is
a c c o r , . p l i s h e d I;y t l e n d i n o t h e s t i l l h o t t o m s t o a p r e a r r a n e e d
![Page 11: Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents · Es you can see, recyclino is ranked very high or! the pricrity list of alternatives for hazardous waste r!anagement. This is because it accomplishes](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022071215/604442d10b1f19712c6f6c9d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
s : ~ c i f i c : a t i o n f o r c c . n s u m p t i o r ! a s a f u e l i n a c e n e n t o r
l i g t t v e i q h t a a c r e o a t e k i l n . T h i s d i s p o s a l ~ e t h o d h a s t h e
a 6 v ? n t a a e o f a s s c r i n r , . c c r ; : acab le d e s t r c c t i o r r a t i o e f f i c i e p c i e c
;Q i ' r i n c i n e r ? t c r , k ut. + t s i q r ' i f i c i . r , i : l y loirer c o s t . / ? l s o , t h e r e
is r v f f i c i e n t c a r . a c i t y a v a i l a b l e i.r! t b e n . a r k e t f o r t h i c E i s p c s z l ,
xkile c o c r ' e r c i a l I n c i n e r a t i o n ca6 :ac i ty i s I i r r i t e ? .
r i r i l s r t o r o t s t . i l 1 s i n r e c l a m a t i o n t e c h n o l o q y a r e t h i n -
, f i l r . o r w i L e - f i l r r e v a p o r a t o r s . Tt,e d i f f e r e n c e is t h a t w h i l e i n a
p o t s t i l l , t h e s p e n t s o l v e n t s a r e " c o o k e d " , t h e t h i n - f i l f r
e v s r o r a t o r f u n c t i o n s by p u r , ~ i n q t h e w a s t e i n t o t h e t o F of t h e
u n i t , wbere i t i s t h e n s p r e a d i n a t h i n l a y e r o n t h e i n t e r n a l
s u r f a c e by r o t a t i n g w i p e r b l a d e s . T h e i n t e r n a l s u r f a c e i s h e a t e d
by s s t e a r r o r bot o i l j a c k e t . E y e x p o s i n ? t h e s o l v e n t w a s t e t o
t h i s h e a t i n a t h i r ! l z y e r , t h e o r q a n i c s o l v e n t s a r e f l a s h
e v a ~ c r a t e d , o n c e e g a i n t o a h e a t e r c h a n q e r , t o be c c n d e n s e d a s
c l e 2 r ! s o l v e n t l i o u i r ! . In t h e s e s y s t e a i s , t h e n o n - v o l a t i l e
r e s i d u e s c o n t i n u o u s l y e x i t t h e hott .on: of t h e e v a p o r a t o r , t o h e
h s n o ' l e d i n t h e sarre f r i l n r ~ ~ r a s p o t s t i l . l b o t t o r s s . T h e a d v a n t a g e
o f t h e t h i . n - f i l n e v a p o r a t o r o v e r tb .c p o t s t i l l is t h a t t h e b a t c b
. s i z e is n o t l i r r j t e d by t h e s i z e of t h e p o t , s i n c e t h e s y s t e r , i s
fec ' from: a n e x t e r n a l s t o r a g e t a n k , a n ? o ~ : e r a t e d c o n t i n u o u s l y .
f l : , o , s.or;e n c n - v o l a t i l e r e s i i u e s a t e s u b j e c t t o c h e r r i c a l
bcealtfowr! when " c c ~ l ~ e C : " , whick c a n c a u s e o d o t O K c o l o r p rob le r ; . ? .
i n t h e r e c l a i r e d s o l v e n t . If t h e r n , a l breakdown is n o t a c o n c e r n ,
t h e r o t s t i l l h a s t h e a e v a n t a q e o f ? i v i n q h i g h e r r e c o v e r y y i e l d s .
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'.
T?!? ?isar?vaiiri3cjc c f k t h t h e $ ( ! r ) - ? t c i i : s i s t . ba t t h e y h a v e nc,
s e p a r a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y , o t h e r t h a n v o l a t i l e o r q a r i . i c c f r o r ; n o n -
v o l c ~ t i l e o r g a n i c . : . T n o t h e r k c t d s , a l l t h e v o l a t i l e o r g a n i c
s o l v ~ ~ t s e n t c r j n g t h e s y s t e i r s w i l l e x i t a s p r o d u c t . P.s l o n g a s
t h e c o l v e ~ t w a s t e h a c k e e n k e p t p r o p e r l y s e g r e o a t e d , and t h e
r e c c v e r a b l e s o l v e n t [ . < ? r t i o n i s p u r e , t b i s is a l r i g h t . F u t i f
volatile o r q a n i c i c : > u r i t i e s a r e p r e s e n t i n tk:e w a s t e , t h e y w i l l
he r ; r e s e n t i n t h e r e c l a i r e d ~ o l v e n t . T h i s n a y c a u s e q u a l i t y
p r o h l c n s , s o t o a 6 6 r e s s t h e s i t u a t i o n , son,e r e c y c l e r s h a v e
i n s t a l I erl F r a c t i o n a t i n g c o l u m n s .
F r a c t i o n a l d i s t i l l ~ a t i o n i s i ~ n e x t r e r e l y cor5plex t e c h n o l o g y ,
w i t h s e v e r s 1 d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of columns, and a v a s t v a r i e t y o f
s i z e s and c o n f i y u r a t 1 , o n s . %Pe n o s t c o ~ n - o n t y p e s of c o l u m n s a r e
p a c k c d colucns ( u s u a l l y ~ i t i - ~ o t c e l a i n s a d d l . e s ) , b u b b l e caF
colui inC. , s i e v e [ : l a t e c c l u n n s , ani: v a l v e t r a y c o l u m n s . T h e t a l l e r
the co1un:n r ; e s i g n , t h e racr? t r a y s , e r i a b l i n r , rrore s e F a r a t i o n o r
' 2 l a r i f i c a t i . o n ca j : a I - j l i t y . P.s t h e d i a r e t e r o f t h e c o l u K , n s
i n c r e a s e , n ' o re ttiroi.!gh!:L$t c a p a c i t y is o b t a i n n d .
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"br. i vn r i c~ r ly ing K r i n c i I . l e c , f o p e r a t i o n o
c o l u r n s i s t h e sa r re . T h e v o l a t i l e o r g a n i c s
a 1
a r e
o r h v t o i l by mear'c of i n t e r n a l o r e x t e r n a l t7eat
f r a c t i o n a t i n g
h e a t e d by s. tea!r
e x c h a n y e r s . P ?
t h y ? o l v e n t was te5 r e s c h t h e k o i l i n q p o i n t , t h e v a p o r s e n t e r ti-?
c o l u r n . T t e l o h e r t . o i l i n q c o r p o n r n t c r r j a r a t e t o t h e to? cf t h ?
c o l u ? , : ~ , w i t h t h e c o l u n n d e s i @ n p r c m t i n y i n t e r n a l c o n d e n c a t i c n O F
h i q b e r b o i l i n y c o r r ~ p o n ~ n t s , w i t h s u b s e q u e n t n ; i g r a t i o n t o t h e lower
p a r t o f t b e colurrc. T!s t h e l 0 k . 0 ~ b o i l i n ? v a p o r s e x i t t h e t o F o f
t h e coI,l?a:n, t h e y are' c o n d e n s e d t o a l i q u i d . Pu r inc ; t h e i n i t i a l
s t a r t 11K. o p e c a t i o r s of a b a t c h r u n , a l l t h e c o n d e n s e d l i q u i d
( c l e a n s o l v e n t ) i s p u r r r e d b a c k i n t o t h e t o p o f t h e c o l u r r n a s
r e f l u x , f u c t h e r p r o ~ ~ o t i n g i n t e r n a l c o n d e n s a t i o n a n d r r , i g r a t i o n .
Khen e q u i l i b r i u r , is r e a c h e d i n t h e s y s t e m , p a r t o f t h e r e f l u x
c o n d e n s a t e i s p u p p e d t o p r o d u c t s t o r a g e , w i t h t h e r e m a i n d e r
c o n t i n u i n g b a c k t o t h e colurrn. T h e amount r e t u r n e d t o t h e c o l u m
c o n c a r e d t o t h e ar;.ount purcped a s F r o d u c t i s known a s t h e r e f l u x
r a t i o .
[:hen s e p a r a t i n a s o l v e n t s w i t h a n a r r o w s p r e a d b e t w e e n t h e i r
b o i l i n ? ~ o i n t s , t h e r e f l u x r a t i o niay hc: v e r y b i a h - a s much a s
5:l. T h i s p e a n s t . h a t f o r e v e r y s i x g a l l o n s b o i l e d o u t of t h e
s y s t e r , f i v e q a l l o n s g o k a c k , w i t h o n e q a l . l o n o f p r o s u c t
p r o d u c e d .
T h e r e f l u x s y s t . e r r e n a b l e s a h i g h p u r i t y c u t of t h e lower
k : o i l i n q s o l v e ~ t t o be r e c l a i n e r i . A s t h e lowest b o i l i n g c o r p o n c - n t
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i s rerr.ovpc? t o c l e a r ' ! : r e d u c t s t o r a q e , t h e n e x t h i g h e s t b o i l i n g
c o n ~ o r . ~ - n t v i i l l m i q r e t e tc t h e tor: of ti-e c o l u n n . K O f r a c t i o n a l
Z i s t i l l ? t i o n i s l T r 2 e f f i c i e n t , s o t h e r e w i l l t.e a s r r a l l
i n t c r s e s i a t e c c t o f tbe r r i x t u r r of t b P two c o n , p o n e n t s , t a k e n t o
. c e y a r a t e c t o r a p t . his r a y t-.e fed hack t o s u b s e q u e n t b a t c h e s .
C f t i . r t h e i n t - e r n p d i a t e c u t , t . h e n e x t cor rponent is removed i n
t h e s a n e r,.anner as, t h e f i r s t c u t , n z i n t s i n i n q a d e q u a t e r e f l u x t o
a s s l i r e s e p a r a t i o n f r o r e v e n hiqber t o i l i n g s o l v e n t s . T h e b a t c h
i s t h u s c o n t i n u e d u n t i l a l l s c u q h t a f t e r s o l v e n t corrponents a r e
r e c l a i r e d . Tbe u n r e c o v e r e d r e s i d u e s a r e t h e n h a n d l e d i n t . h e s a r : e
manner a s t h o s e f r o n p o t s t i l l s o r t p i n - f i l r e v a p o r a t o r s .
T h e o r e t j c a l l y , a r y s o l ' ~ e n t r r i x t u r e c a n be s e p a r a t e d b y
f r a c t i o n a l Z i e t i l l a t i o n i f t h e e c u i p n e n t d e s i g n i s a d e q u a t e .
T r a c t ici.1 c o n s i d e r a t i o n s cf o y , e r a t i n a e c o n o n , i c s a d e q u i p m e n t
i n v e s t r e v t q e n e r ' a l l y t r o u g h , 1 . i r r i t e f f i c i e n t s e p a r a t i o n t o
s o l v e n t s t i av iny a t , o i I j . ng ~ ~ i r , t s r : r e a d of 2c0-?oo C . I t c b o u l d
h e no te i ! t h a t . e v e r t t h i s i s ? n i c p r o v e m e n t o v e r c a p a b i l i t i e s
a v a j . l a b 1 . e i n t h e r e c y c l i n g i n d u s t r y fron: t w e n t y y e a r s a g o . Ey
v a r i e n c e of s o l v e n t w a s t e f e e l p i n t s , r e f l u x r a t . i o s , and u s e o f
v a c i i i ! ~ , a u r e a t 6 e a l o f f l . e x i b i l i t y is c r e a t - e d t o p r o c e s s many
d i f f e r e n t : o l v e n t s y r e v i o u s l y c o n ? i + ~ r e d e i t h e r u n e c o n o m i c a l c r
i m p r a c t i c a l . C u a l i t y r e f i n e d p r o d u c t s a r e b e i n g p r o d u c e d t h a t
c t ~ n be u s e d j n a l n , o s t i . 1 1 ~ h a s r s o f i n d u s t r y , i n c l u d i n q
p h a r c z c e u t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s t o n . a n u f a c t u c e d r u q s .
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C u t - s r a u e n t F r o c e s s i n c r a y i n v o l v e e x t r a c t i o n , f i l t e r i n g ,
r e s t a h i l i z a t i o n , o r d r y i n q , d e p e n d i n g on t k ~ e r e f i n e d s o l v e n t
s n e c i f i c a t i c n r e q u j r e n , ? r l t s . Ti-e rsost ccrrmon ~ . r o b l e r ~ a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h r c f i n e d s o l v e n t q u a l i t y i s e x c e s s i v e r o i s t u r e , o r w a t e r .
t ' o i s t u c e c c n t a n , i n s t i o n nay c r e a t e c o c r o s i o n p r o h l e r c s , o r c o a t i n o
r r @ t : l e r r s k l i th p a i n t s o l v e n t s , o r b y d r o l y t i c b r e a k d o w n p r o b l e r t s
v i t k i c h l o r i n a t e d s o l v e n t s . P e v e r a l t e c h n i q u e s a r e a v a i l a t l e t o
a d d r e s s t h e s e p r o h l e r s .
~
S i n c e w a t e r f o r m s a n a z e o t r o p i c , o r c o n s t a n t b o i l i n ?
r r i x t u r e , w i t b n a n y s o l v e n t s , t h o s e r e c y c l e r s w i t h f r a c t i o n a t i n g
c a p a b i l i t y ry.ay use Z i s t i l l a t i c n t e c h n i q u e s for r r o i s t u r e r e n . o v a l .
P e p e p d i n g nn t h e a z e o t r o p i c m i x t u r e , a n d t h e q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r t o
h e r e n o v e d , t h i s v e t h o d c a n hr v e r y e f f e c t i v e , t h o u g h u s u a l l y
q u i t - c o s t l y .
P.nothc-r o p t i o r , a v a i l a b l e is p h y s i c a l o r c e c h a n i c a l r e m o v a l .
T h i s . i n v o l v e s f i l t e r i n g t h e r e f i n e d s o l v e n t t h r o u g h an a b s o r b i n c ;
o r a d s o r t s i n o d e s s i c a p t , and t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l r r e t b o d s u s e d .
1 ' n b y d r o u s c a l c i c r ; , c h l o r i r j e i s s c n . e t i ~ . e s u s e d for t h i s
n ' e t h o c i , a n d c a n v e r y e f f e c t i v e f o r r e m o v a l o f t r a c e w a t e r
c o n t . a F , i n a t i o n . For r e f i n e d s o 1 v e n t . s c o n t a i n i n g l e s s t h a n 0 . 5 %
m o i s t u r e con ta r r i r i a t . i ( !n , c a l c i u m c h l o r i d e c a n d r y t h e m , down t o 2 0 0
p a r t s p e r r i l l i o n . f i s a d v a n t a g e s a r e t h a t w h e n s p e n t , t h e
. . .
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c a l c i u ~ . c h l o r i d e c a n r l o t he r e g e n e r a t e d , c r e a t i n g a p o t e n t i a l
d i s p o s a l c r o b l e n , a v d t h e r e i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of f r e e h a l o g e n
c o n t a n i n a t i o n cf t h e r e f i n e d ~ o l v e n t , c a u s i n g a p o t e n t i a l
T \ n c t b c ’ r r e t hoc1 e f f e c t i v e f o r t r a c e w a t e r con t a n t i n a t i o n
re i ; , cv i l i s i o n e x c h a n a e r c c i n . T h i s r re thod uses a d s o r F t i o n , w i t h
t h e h a t e r n o l e c u l e s a t t a c h i n ? t o t h e r e s i n , a n d t h e s u b s e q u e n t
d r y s o l v e n t p a s s i n q t b r o u g h . I t h a c r e p e a t e d l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e
a b i l i t y t o r e d u c e r r o i s t u r e l e v e l s f rom 0 . 2 % - 0 . _ 7 8 d o w n t o l e s s
t h a n 1 0 0 p a r t s per m i l l i o n , and h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e of b e i n g a b l e
t o r e g e n e r a t e . F + i s a d v a n t a g e , t h o u g h , i s t h a t t h i s m e t h o d i s
n o t e f f e c t i v e o n r e f i n e d s o l v e n t s w i t h more t h a n 0 . 5 % m o i s t u r e
c c n t a m i n a t i o n .
F r o b a t - l y t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e t e c h n o l o g y t o d a y f o r m o i s t u r e
r e n ’ o v a l i s t h e i x o l c c u l a r s i e v e b e d . I t f u n c t i o n s , by a c t u a l l y
t r apF . inc j t h e w a t e r r o l e c u l e s i n t h e i n t e r s t i c e s of t h e m o l e c u l a r
s i e v e , a l l o w i n g t h e d r y s o l v e n t t o p a s s t h r o u g h . T h i s me thod h a s
t h e a d v a n t a g e o f b e i n g a b l e t o b a n d l e g r o s s a m o u n t s o f w a t e r
c o n t a r i n a t i o n ( d r y i n g f r o v 5% down t o l ess t h a n l R ) , a s w e l l a s
t h e t r a c e m o i s t u r e c o n t a x : i n a t e d s o l v e n t s ( d r y i n g from 0 . 5 % down
t o l e s c t h a n 2 0 0 pprr). ~t a l s o can be r e g e n e r a t e d f o r c o n t i n u e d
use .
“on a t e c h n i c a l ~ o i n t of v i e w , any s o l v e n t c a n be r e c l a i m e d
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to a p o i n t w h t = r e i t c a n b e r eusec i . The o n l y l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i s
e c o n o n i c s , a n d w i t h d i s p c s a l c o s t s e s c a l a t i n g s o r a p i d l y ,
r f c y c l i n q i s kecor r inc t h e rr,ethoc’ o f c h o i c e f o r a w i d e r r a n g e o f
s o l v e n t s . IP sciif c a s e s , t h e c o s t f o r d i s p o s a l is h i g h e r t h a n
t h e c r i q i n a l c o s t o f t h e v i r g i n p r o d u c t , and o n c e a m a t e r i a l i s
d i s F o s e d , i t i s q o n e f o r e v e r , w i t h a c o r r e s p o n d i n g l o s s o f
p r e c i o u s n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s .
r . e t ’ s l o o k a t % h a t h a p p e n s t o y o u r s o l v e n t d u r i n o t h e
r e c y c l i n g p r o c e s s t o a s s u r e c j u a l i t y . F i r s t , t h e w a s t e is
c o l l e c t e d , i n e i t h e r drurcs o r b u l k t a n k t r u c k t r a n s p o r t , and sen t
t o t h e r e c y c l i n g f a c i l i t y . T h e r e , t h e w a s t e i s a n a l y z e d t o
v e r i f y t h a t t h e c o n t e n t s a g r e e w i t h t h e w a s t e m a n i f e s t . Then t h e
w a s t t . is pumped t o h u l k s t o r a g e . Khen enough n i a t e r i a l h a s beer
s c c u ~ ~ u l a t e d f o r a n e c o n o m i c a l r u r , t h e w a s t e is p r o c e s s e d t h r o u g h
t h e d i s t i l l a t i o n s y s t c n l . The r e s u l t i n g r e f i n e d p r o d u c t is t h e n
a n a l . y z e d a g a i n t o d e t e r n i n e c o n f o r ~ a n c e w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . I f f u r t h e r s t e p s a r e r e q u i r e d , s u c h a s d r y i n g o r
r e s t a b i l i z a t i o n , t h e p r o d u c t i s c h e c k e d a g a i n p r i o r t o pumping t o
f i n a l s t c r a g e . F r o r i ~ t h e r e , t h e r e f i n e d s o l v e n t is p a c k a g e d t o
cus tor r :e r o r d e r i n e i t h e r d r u m s o r b u l k t a n k e r , w i t h y e t a n o t h e r
q u a l i t y c o n t r o l c h e c k b e f o r e s h i p m e n t . The s t i l l b o t t o m s a r e
a l s o t h o r o u g h l y a n a l y z e d t o r e a s u r e c o n f o r s , a n c e w i t h f u e l
h l e n f i i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n a .
Ti t y p i c a l r e c y c l i n g f a c i l i t y l a b i s e q u i p p e d w i t h o a s
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chronatoqraphs, Varl-Fischer titriFeters, calorimeters, atorric
atsorption s~'ectcu~hoton.eters, as well as other ancillary
ecuii,rent such as p!' sieters, color testers, and specific qravity
rjeasurerrent.
The gas chromatograph is the key analytical tool for quality
control in the recyclinq lab. Various instruments are available,
but a well-equipFed l a t , will have r,ultiple capability - a unit
with a therral conductivity detector for macro analysis of
solvent corponents, a flame ionization detector for analysis of
r:icro ( O K components in the 1 0 0 ppn to 1,000 ppr range), and an
electron cacture detector for even qreater sensitivity ( t o check
f o r trace PCP contacination, for instance). The G C ' s can also he
ecuipped with eutomatic integrators, autor.atic injection, and
controlled by computer to increase analytical reproducibility and
reliability.
The Karl-Fischer titrimeter is used to measure water
content. DepenGinq on analytical technique, the instrument m y
be sensitive down to less than 50 F ~ I I I .
C o l o r testers and pH meters are used for obvious purposes,
since color i.5 occasionally a quality problerr for custon:ers, and
1.R can affect corrosion .croperties of the refined solvent.
The caloriseter is used to measure ETU content of the still
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b o t t o n r : , w i t k s u b s e q u e n t wet c h ~ r r i s t r y t e s t i n g f o r h a l o g e ' n
c o n t e n t . R o t k o f t h e s e p a r a f i ' e t e c s a r e key s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r
w a s t f . d e r i v e d f u e l p r o q r a r r s .
P n o t h e r k e y p a r a n e t e r f o r s t i l l h o t t o n s h l e n d i n q i n t o waste
d e r i v e d f u e l s i s heavy r , e t a l c o n t e n t , s u c h a s l e a d , z i n c , c h r o r e ,
e t c . T y p i c a l l y , t h e r e c y c l e r h i l l u s e a t o n i i c a b s o r p t i o n
S F e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y t o m e a s u r e heavy n e t a l s .
I f r e f i n e d c h l o r i n a t e d s o l v e n t s a r e i n t e n d e d f o r r e u s e i n
v a p o r d e g r e a s i n q , s t a b i l i . z e r c o n t e n t is an i m p o r t a c t q u a l i t y
c o n t r o l p a r a r r i e t e r . b l h i l e s o v e i n d i v i d u a l s t a b i l i z e r s c a n b e
r r easu red by $ a s c h r o r r a t o g r a p h , a b e t t e r r re thod f o r c h e c k i n g t o t a l
s t a b i l i z e r c o n t e n t i s t h r o u g h wet c h e r r i s t r y t . i t r a t i o n o f a c i d
a c c e p t a n c e .
I f t h e r e c y c l e r c a r e f u l l y follows a l l t h e q u a l i t y c o n t r o l
s t e ~ s , i r ! c ' , u s t r y i s a s s u r e d of r e c e i v i n g a q u a l i t y p r o d u c t ,
a p p r c p r i a t e f o r almost any u s e . I n my e x p e r i e n c e , t h e r e a r e v e r y
f e w a p p l i c a t i o n s w h e r e r e f i n e d s o l v e n t s c a n n o t be u s e d . W h i l e
t h e r e a r e p e r c e [ . : t i o n s i n t h e r r a r k e t t h a t r e f i n e d s o l v e n t is n o t
' a s good a ? v i r q i n s o l v e n t , t h i s is v e r y s e l d o l r t r u e . E v e n some
o f t h e o b v i o u s d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e t.wo, s u c h a s p u r i t y ,
cc r lc r , and o d o r v e r y ? e l d o n , a c t u a l l y a f f e c t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of
t h e s o l v ~ n t d u r i n q r v u s e .
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F Y d e a l i n g k i t P a r e c y c l e r e q u i p p e d t o s e r v i c e e v e n t h e
s r c a l l q e r e r a t o r , ? b e e c ~ r i n r ~ i c a n 6 e n v i r o n r e n t a l a d v a n t a a e s c f
r e c y c l i n g c a r ; b e r c z l i z e d . T h e s o l v e n t r e c y c l i n g n a r k e t i s
r e l . a t i v r l y r a t u ~ e , anC w e l l - e s t a t , l i s h ~ r ? , t h o u a b i n s o m e w h a t s
s t a t e o f c h a n s e t n d a y . I . ' k , i l r sonie c o n r ' a n i e s h a v e b e e n i r !
b u s i n c c c Fc r a s l o r , ? a s 5 0 y e a r ? . , and n,arty f o r a s lo r ig a s 21:
y e a r s , t h e r e a r e v e r y € e h n e w e n t r a n t s t c t h e f i e l d .
r 'r ari8a t i c a 11 y r ea u i r en e n t c
F:ake i t v e r y difficult^ t o c t z y i r b u s i n e s s , l e t a l o n e m k e a n e w
i n c r e a c ec! r e q u 1 a t o K Y a n d ce r rr i t t i n o
e n t r y . F i v e y e a r s a q o , n a r k e t e s t i m a t e s i n d i c a t e d a b o u t 1 5 0
r e c y c l e r s i n t L ! s i n c s s i n t h e U n i t e d Z t a t e s . T o d a y , t h a t nurrber
is less t h a n 1 0 0 , ar id by 1 9 9 2 is F ' r o j e c t e d t o b e less t h a n 5 0 .
T h e t r e n d i c t h e n z r k e t i s t o w a r c l s c o n s o l i d a t i o n , a s l a r g e r
c o r p a n i e s , w i t h g r e a t e r a s s e t s an(! r e s o u r c e s , a b s o r b s r . . a l l e r
c o n , p a n i e s u n a b l e t o cori-Fly w i t h t h e r e g u l a t i o n s .
? h e r e w i l l s t i l l h e p l e n t y of c a p a c i t y a v a i l a b l e , t h o u g h , a s
t h e r e i s no r e c y c l e r o f w h i c h I am a w a r e t h a t is o p e r a t i n g a t
E o r e t h a n a b o u t G C % u t i l i z a t i o n . A l s o , most of t h e d e c r e a s e f rom
1 0 0 r e c y c l e r s t o 50 w i l l be v i a c o n s o l i d a t i o n , i . e . t h e y w i l l be
a c q u i r e d , a n d c o n t i n u e t o o p e r a t e , r a t h e r t h a n c e a s e t o e x i s t .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e s h o u l c l be p l e n t y of a v a i l a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r
q e n e r a t o r s t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f o f f - s i t e r e c y c l i n q w i t h i n t h e i r
econorNic t r a n s F . o r t ~ t i o n s e r v i c e a r e a , g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be
3C0-4?,: ii ilr?.;.
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' , e Pmfivca l o o k f r i d t L ~ t b c i i ~ t c n t o l l recyclinr, a n 6 " o p e n
r r a r k c t " recyclinq - t h e c r i t e r i a f o r s e l e c t i n 9 t h e p r o p e r n e t h o d
v a r i e s w i t h i n d i v i Z u a 1 n e e d s . P ore i : r .por tan t c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,
t h o u ? t : , i s s e l e c t i c r i cf t h e p r o [ ' e r c o c p a n y t o s e r v i c e y o u r
t $ ~ ( , u i r ? i . c . r t ! ? . Sever.31 !key f a c t c r s s . h o u l c ' t c c x a c . i n e d . F i n c e t h e
hazar r i o t t s w z s t e ger" r e t o r f o r e v e r r p t a i r s u l t i r r a t e l i a t i l i t y f o r
ti.:? ' - a c t e , a n r n.31.y i ' . o r e o f us a r e n o w s u b j e c t t o t h e
r e g u l a t i o n s , t h i s b a s f a r r e a c h i n g i i i : p l i c a t i o n s , a n d s h o u l d weiqh
h e a v i l y i n c i e c i d i n t i % b e r e t o h a v e F o l v e n t w a s t e r e c y c l e d .
Thi: r c f i n e . r . i s o l v t n t r e s o l d i n t h e I r d C k e t F l d c e i s c o n s i d e r e c i
e. ~ r o c ' u c t , acr! i s no l o n 5 e r s t l S j e c t t.c t h e p r o v i s i o n s . o f T C T F .
" L t s ir , :( : . r,r: co!vi : r : t h a s t e i s ! C P % r e c c v f r a b l e , t h e r e a r f
r e c i d c e s which rust s t i l l t -e properly n z n a q e 6 t o r r i n i r - i z e r i s k
ant: c o t e n t i a 1 1 iak, i l i t y .
I n t h e r . s s t , r . a n y i n d u s t r i a l a n d g o v e r n i r e n t a l w a s t e
g e n e r a t o r s s e l ~ e c t . e r : t h e i r TSC f a c i l i t y t a s e c ' upon i m p r e s s i v e o r a l
a n d w r i t t e n a s s u r i l n c e s and r e i r e s e n t a t . i o n s of ! 'roger p r o c e d u r e s , ,
s n 2 b s v e h e e n " b u r r t e r i " , t h e s e ~ s s u c a n c e s t e i r i y no p r o t e c t i o n
a g a i n s t 1 i a t : i l i t y . T b e r , n o s t f i r r . s b e g a p r e q u i c i n ? c o p i e s of
a t . ! r o i r i i t t e ~ e r z i t s f r o r t h c s e f a c i l i t i e s b e i n q u s e d o r
c o r . c i c e r e 6 E O K U S E . P l a s , t h i s b a s clroved no Tore e f f e c t i v e , as
i r ' o s t ? u ! : e r f u n d ~ r i o r i t y s i t e s a F r e a r t o h a v e beer r ; r o c e r l y
F . e r r i t t . e r l dur inc : tk,e c o u r s e ci t . b k i r c u e r a t i o n . Cnce a c a i n , no
> r o t e c t i o n EroL l i a b i l i t y .
. .
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l y o b . , t t i e P , s i n c c j 'ou aF. c e n t r a t o r s r e t a i r ! u l t i r : : a t e l i a t i l i t y
For t k e r .ar.accrr+r.t o f yot.ir h i .7hr r lour w a s t e , can you n , i n i n i z e t h e
r i5P .s . of ? a n s o ? t.o :he c n v i r o c n e r ' t , o r t o y o u r c o , ~ ~ r ; a ~ y ' s a r s e t E -
3r .F r c ~ u t a t i o r ! ? i-11 t! '~: k a l , i t 4.s r y c o n s i d e r e r : OF i v i c r t h a t
t.hc,c.' cf you b , t # o r:.sy c a t e y c r i z e ? a s s n a l l G e n e r a t o r s n e e d t o
a s s i 5 n u's r u c h o r v o c e a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s d e c i s i o n a s does C e n e r a l
N o t o r s , T ? M , ' l e r c r , a n d o t h e r c o r p o r a t e g i a n t s . A s a p
i l l u s t r a t i o n , a t t .he fi.:.rlird an? ~ : , r r o s i t . e i n Y i c h i q a n , c l e a n U F
c c s t c of $ 1 4 r ; . i l l i o n b,ere : a i ? b y 87 g e n e r a t o r c . C e n e r a l ! ' o t o r s '
skmar~: h a s S ? . 4 r : . i l l . i o n , Cot,! rcrr! in .q ' : . f 1 . 2 n i l l j o n , FL. I n d u s t r i e s
? 1 2 ? t h o u s a r d , F o r ? I - 'o tor Con! .any $ 2 1 7 t h o u s s n d , C c a n d ? r u n k
F a i l r o d : I 4 4 t h o u r a n d , V o n s ? r t o $109 t h o u s a n c ' . T h e s e c o s t s ,
h a v i n c b e e n i :uk : l i skec : i n t h e r 'c. 'b..sraper, a r e e n b a r r a s s i n g t o t h e
con igan ic s i n v o l v e d , z?. wel.1 a s d a r a q i n q t o p r o f i t a b i l i t y , b u t
beycvC t h a t , t h e r e w i l l be no d i s c e r n i b l e a d v e r s e e f f e c t . Cach
c c n c i r ' e r s i t zn e x p ' e n s i v e l e s s c r l e a r n e d , and b u s i n e s s l i f e
c o n t i n u e s . [:ow wculr' y c u r corrr:a~y r e a c t t o ? u c h a p e n a l t y ? Or
e v e n or!e cf y 5 t h o u s a n 6 , $ 1 0 t h o u s a n d , o r $50 t h o u s a n d ? I n sorie
case:, I d a r e s a y t h a t y o u r ~ u s i n e s s e s . . . y o u r w h o l e l i f e r a y
s u f i e r s e.< E r i' c o n s e r; u e n ce s .
> s a Leqinnir.1; t o y o u r d e c i s i o n n:aking p r o c e s , ~ , I s t r o n g l y
u r u e you t o i n s p e c t t h o s e f a c i l i t i e s y o u a c e u s i n q o r c o n s , i d e r i n g
f o r u s e , a t l e s s t o n c e / y e a r . :io r e s p o n s i b l y o p e r a t e d TS.C s i t e of
w h i c t ' 1 ar: a w a r e w o u l d r e f u s e s u c k s a v i s i t . P.ny t h a t w o u l d ,
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I . C * n e r s / C p e r a t c r s of t h e Site
. . . . . T h e f i n a n c i a l s t a t u s a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s s h o u l d t . ~
exariner?. General Y o t o r s w o u l d n o t h a v e h a d t o
:.ay T E . 4 n i l l i c v t o c l e a n u p P e r l i n & F a r r o , i f
P e r l i n b F a r r o had n o t g o n e b a n k r u p t .
..... P r o the t r s n s p c r t - e r s . a n 6 c t h e r TFf f a c i l i t i e s u s e r ?
k , y t h e s i t e i n q u e s t i o n c a p a t l e , r e p u t a b l e , a n d
r e 1 i a t. l e ?
. . . . res t b e f a c i l i t y h a v e a 6 e G u a t e i n c u r a n c e
c o v e r a q ~ ? E n v i r o n n e n t a l T r r p a i r n e n t L i a t i l i t y
i n s u r a n c e i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o o k t a i n t c d a y , an?
is v e r y c o c t l y . b ; i t h o u t a 6 e q u a t e f i n a n c i a l
c a ~ a b i l i t y , i t i s t h e o n l y p r o t e c t i o n y o u h a v e
f r o n CFFC1,P C O S t C .
T T . ? i t e P e r s o n n e l
..... Is t - P c s t a f F qualified ... e x p e r i e ~ c e d ?
... ..rso t r a i p i n y p ~ o g c a ~ s e x i s t t o a s s u r e c o n t i n u a n c e
o f q u a l i f i e d p e o p l e o p e r a t i n g t h e s i t e ?
. . . ..Pow a r e d o c u ~ e n t s a n d r e c o c d s ~ ) a n a g e d ? P o G c ! . ~
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r s i v t a i n e d r e c o r d s c a y i r 1 d i c a t . e a p o o r l y - r u p
f 2 c i l i t y .
~ T T . ' i t e C i t u a t i c ~
. . . . . T c t h e f a c i l i t y l o c s t e r ' i n a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a ,
s u t j e c t t o t h e i n h e r e n t r i s k s and c o v p l a i n t s ?
. . . . . T s t h e s i t e l o c a t e d w b e r e p o t e n t i a l spills r a y
endan.oer n e a r b y w e l l w a t e r ? L h a t t y p e s of w a s t e s
k e ~ e handler? t h a t r a y p o s e u l t i m a t e r i s k ? Your
l i a b i l i t i e s d o n o t e n d / b e q i n a t t h e p o i n t i n t i l i e
a t w h i c h you ccr;n:ence t . u s i n e s s . T h e l i a b i l i t i e s
a r e p o t e n t i a l l y a l l - i n c l u c i v e .
IV. F f q u l a t o r y Corpl i a n c c S t a t u s
..... F r o t h e n e c e s s a r y p e r m i t s h e l d ? Any d o u b t s . c a n te
r e s o l v e d k.y t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e g u l a t o r y a g e n c i e s .
C o r i e s o f t h e p e r n ~ i t s s h o u l d be e x a r r i n e d .
..... F:hat is t h e c o m F l i a n c e h i s t o r y o f t h e s i t e ? F
c o n c e n t o r d e r c c o t h e r s i g n of d i f f i c u l t y d o e s n o t
n e c e s s a r i l y r u l e o u t c o n s i d e r a t i o n a s a n y p l a c e
r o r e t h a n e i g h t y e a r s o l d p r o b a b l y h a s p a s t
practices to c o r r e c t , b u t c o m p l i a n c e m o n i t o r i n g i n
s u c h c a s e s s h o u l d be e x a m i n e d .
V . C v e r a t i c n c
..... Co h e a l t h and s a f e t y p r a c t i c e s a p p e a r a d e q u a t e ?
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. . . . . T ? + : < i ~ i i . w n t g r o ~ c r l y n a i n t a i n e r ? ?
. . . . . T s t .km~re c e c o n ? s r y , ;.ne p r e f e r a b l y t e r t i a r y
c o r ! t a i n r , e n t of s o l v P n t s t o r a a e anCi h a n d l i n g a r e a s ?
Ts t h e r e a s ~ i l l c o n t r o l p l a n ?
..... Is t h e r e a c o n t i n g e n c y p l a n ?
..... f i r e t h e r e a d e q u a t e w a r n i n g and s e c u r i t y s i g n s ?
..... f i r e t h e r e i n t e r n a l i n s p e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s ? P r e
t h e y d o c u c . e n t e d ? A l l of t h e s e a r e r e q u i r e d of a
p r o p e r l y run f a c i l i t y .
. . . . . F i n a l l y , b o b a r e t h e u n r e c o v e r a b l e r e s i d u e s
h a n d l e d ? Some r e s i d u e s a r e s u i t a b l e f o r c h e e i c a l -
b a s e d f u e l s p r o g r a m s , s u c h a s i n cement k i l n s .
B u t w h a t h a p p e n s t o t h o s e r e s i d u e s n o t s e n t f o r
f u e l ? T h o s e ater rials s h o u l d b e s e n t t o a n
a p F r o v e d , p e r r . i t t e d , c o m m e r c i a l i n c i n e r a t o r .
I n c d d i t i o n , e v e r y r e c y c l e r i s b u r d e n e d w i t h a w a t e r
d i s F o ? a l p r o b l e r . Y o s t i r1co r r i rq w a s t e s h a v e a s s o c i a t e d w a t e r
c o n t a ~ : i n a t i o n t o k e r e n o v e 6 . A l s o , w a t e r is t h e n o s t c o m o n l y
u s e d r e d i u n : t o c l e a n o u t p r o c e s s e q u i r n , e n t t o p r e v e n t c r o s s -
c o n t a m i n a t i o n . ?:e s e n d t hese w a t e r s t o r u P o n t i n M e w J e r s e y €or
k ~ i o l o g i c a l a n 6 c h c n i c a ! t r e a t n e r t , w i t h t h e r e s u l t i n g e f f l u e n t
t c : i n a n o t o n l y n o n - h a z a r d o u s , b u t r r e e t i n g d r i n k i n g w a t e r
s t a n c i a r c l s . T h ~ s e ! r ; . c t i c e s a s s u r e t h a t t h e F o r t i o n of w a s t e
b r o u q h t i r t t h a t i s r l i i t r e c o v e r e d 3 ' : a u a l i t y p r o d u c t , is d e s t r o y e d
s o a s n o t t o c o r e h a c k t o haurit u s ( ~ r O U T c u ~ t o m e r s .
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T f t h e s e five c r i t i c a l areas of concern b6ve teen adequately
ar’r ’ressc t - ’ , y c u r e y rest cur^^' t h a t y c u h?ve done y o u r task
r r o r r r l y , an? ~elc.cte2 accorfincly.
T r l c l ~ o s i n n , l e t re say t h a t hhile recyclirg can ke sh~k,n to
be an econonical alternative to disposal, our options have deeper
significance. V:e s h o u l d a l s o view recycling as a viable K.eans to
concerve increasingly finite resources, and to preserve our
environnent f o r our children and future aenerations. \.:e consider
outselves !;art of t h e s.olution, not r : a r t of the probleni.
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Off-site Reclamation of All Solvents
Brian R. Dawson
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Hazardous Waste Management Priorities 1. Waste Minimization 2 . Recycling
(a) On-site (b) Off-site
3. Incineration or Thermal Destruction 4. Chemical or Biological Treatment 5 . Secure Landfill 6 . Deep-well Injection
Alcohols Esters Ketones Napthas Aromatics Chlorinated Solvents Oxygenated Solvents
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.,, i. hwa*x-=2"?."?b *>- 2
Types of Solvent Reclaimation Services 1 . Custom Toll Recycling 2. "Open Market" Recycling
- I
Solvent In E Solvent Vapor
Reclaimed Solvent
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Batch Fractionation
Unit
n-1
n
n + l
Liquid Feed In Still
Reflux Product, D
V
7 Residue ....................... i/
Heat Out
ii9 \a,, Recovery Rate qz3 Cost of Recycling ::? Cost of Virgin Solvent
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... .,7 . ., .,,~, .,,, . . . ..,, .. .. . I . ; ....,.. , . *.,_:. ._I"/ , ~ . . ....~ ~ . . ..
Value of Reclaimed Solvents
Virgin Price Reclaimed Price
< $0.20 per pound
> $0.20 per pound
80% of virgin market
90% of virgin market
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Making the Most of Bottoms and Residuals From Oil Refining and Solvent Recycling
Steve Miller
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Making The Most Of Bottoms And Residuals From Oil Refining &Solvent Recycling
Steve Mlller, PhD,P.E. Dames & Moore
HISTORICALLY
Tops & Supernatents Products
Bottoms & Residuals Wastes
LAND BAN EFFECTS
Reduced Landfilling of Bottoms Reduces Actual Recycling
Increased RCRA Burning
Continued Halogenated Solvent Recycle
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EVOLUTION OF A FACILITY
Lube Oil Marketer
Used Oil as Raw Material
Waste Generation
Waste Minimization thru Utilization of Bottoms & Residuals
Expanding RCRA Licensing
Expanded Oil & Solvent Utilization
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._ I Y I
EXAMPLE OF RECYCLED STREAMS
Drum Recycle - Caustic Cleaning Wastes
Waste Inks
Methylene Chloride Paint Stripping Wastes
Halogenatedl Nonhalogenated Solvent & Hydrocarbon Wastes
Other Polymer Bearing Wastes
SELECTING SUITABLE WASTES
Bench and Pilot Tests
Compatibility of Residuals with Bottoms Product
Bottoms Product Quality
Coking/ Decomposition in Process Units
Rejection of Unsuitable Waste Streams
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OLD PROCESS - ACID CLAY
Flare
I-- Used Oil _I I
L 2 - h Truck Diesel
Li me/Al u m
POT!..!
Landf i 1 1
L i p h i Oil - I
:? w t Oil
Spent Clay
I
Landf i 11
SLIDE 1
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Used Oil
P&-
Block I!ater POT'!
Polymer I!asi;e
NEW PROCESS - DISTILLATION CLAY
F1 a rc : Truck Diesel
'T I Lube Oil
L igh t . . we i qhii
Oil/Palviner Recvcle I
SLIDE 2
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. I .
-- SOLVENT
SOLVENT RECLCLING
FLUX TOWER
SLIDE 3
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URIce cf Solld Waste . , .# 1 Unlted Stated Center for Envlronmental Envlronmsntsl Protectlon Research Informatlon and Emergency Response A W ' W
.. . . . . ~. ~
.. - .- Technology Transfer Mirrch 1 S i r CERI-SS:OT
... .
Solvent Waste Reduction Alternatives Seminar
Speaker Papers
I.
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. " . *