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Oils and fats
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The definition of a lipid
The definition of a lipid is based on solubility--- marginally soluble in water and soluble in organic solvents
Classification:Group I: open-chain compounds with polar head groups and long nonpolar tails fatty acids triacylglycerols waxes sphingolipids phosphoacylglycerols glycolipids
Group II: fused-ring compounds (steroids)
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The chemical natures of the lipid types
Fatty acids(1) Amphipathic(2) Unstaurated vs. saturated(3) Different melting points(4) Rarely found free in nature
trans vs. cis
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Fatty acids
(1) Amphipathic(2) Unstaurated vs. saturated(3) Different melting points(4) Rarely found free in nature
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Triacylglycerols
(1) Formed from glycerol and fatty acids(2) Not as components in membrane, but accumulate in adipocytes as stores of metabolic energy
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Phosphoacylglycerols --- (1) important components in membrane(2) amphipathic
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Structures of somephosphoacylglycerols
PE
PC
PS
PI
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Structures of some waxes and sphingolipids
Abundant in the nervous system
Wax from whales
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Glycolipid
(1) Often found as markers on cell membranes(2) Important in tissue and organ specificity(3) Abundant in the nervous system
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Structures of several important gangliosides
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Structures of some steroids
(1) Cholesterol is widespread in biological membranes, but not in prokaryotic cell membranes
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The nature of biological membranes
(1) Made up by lipids and proteins
(2) Separate cells from the external environment
(3) Transport of specific substances into/out of cells
(4) Enzymes in membranes with specific functions
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Lipid bilayers
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Lipid bilayer asymmetry
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Effects of unsaturated side chains on the packing of the phospholipids
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Stiffening of the lipid bilayer by cholesterol
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Effect of temperature on the fluidity of lipid bilayer
Flip-flop migration of lipid molecules
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Membrane Proteins
Peripheral proteinIntegral protein
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Lipid anchors
Glycine residue Cysteine residue
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Fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
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Membrane structure revealed by freeze-fractured technique
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Electron micrograph of a freeze-fractured membrane
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Membrane Function
Membrane transport
(1) Passive transport
(a) simple diffusion
(b) facilitated diffusion
(2) Active transport
(a) primary active transport
(b) secondary active transport
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Glucose transport
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The sodium-potassium pump
Primary active transport
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Secondary active transport
Galactoside permease
high
low
low
high
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Membrane Receptors
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) – principle carrier of cholesterol
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Lipid-soluble vitamins
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Reaction of vitamin A
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The formation of rhodopsin from 11-cis-retinal and opsin
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Anti-oxidant --- free radicals
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Reaction of vitamin D
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Vitamin K
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Role of vitamin K in blood clotting
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Postaglandins and Leukotrienes
Postaglandins(1) produced by prostate gland(2) synthesized from arachidonic acid(3) control of blood pressure, stimulation of smooth muscle contraction induction of inflammation(4)aspirin, cortisone
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Leukotrienes
(1) formed in leukocytes (white blood cells)(2) synthesized from arachidonic acid(3) stimulation of smooth muscle constriction especially in the lungs (Asthma)
COOH
H2C CH COO-
S +NH3
Triene
Cysteine