Download - Olericulture Hort 320 Mid-term Exam Review
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Olericulture – Hort 320
Mid-term Exam Review
Jeremy S. Cowan WSU Spokane County Extension
222 N. Havana St.
Spokane, WA 99202
Phone: 509-477-2145 Fax: 509-477-2087
Email: [email protected]
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Olericulture - definition
Webster’s definition of vegetable
“A usually herbaceous plant (as the cabbage, bean, or
potato) grown for an edible part that is usually eaten as part
of a meal; also : such an edible part ”
(Legally defined under the tariff act of 1883; declaration
that import duties be collected for vegetables but not for
fruits)
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Human Nutrition
• Understand Macro & Micro-nutrients
• Carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, etc.
• Factors affecting human nutrients in plants
• Genetics, environment, etc.
• Crops that supply various nutrients
• What has high carbs, high fiber, high protein, high vitamin C, etc.
• Toxicants and anti-nutrients
• Alkaloids, glycosides, proteinaceous, alcohols, etc.
• Examples of plants with toxic potential
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Fig. 2.1 Centers of Origin
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Centers of Origin
Determination of centers:
1. Botanical evidence
2. Archeological evidence
3. Historical evidence
4. Linguistic evidence
(Items 2-4 most likely to determine center of domestication (secondary centers of origin)
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Centers of Origin
Features:
Geographical location of species
origin
Site of maximum adaptation
Site of maximum diversity
Presence of related species
Usually associated with site of
domestication
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Crop domestication
• Know at least a few examples of crops from each center
of origin
• Understand crop domestication process and general
timeline
• Foraging, early cultivation, domestication, large-scale production
• What kind of crops are favored in tropical vs. temperate
regions
• Characteristics of wild vs. cultivated species
• Define ploidy
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Classification
Classified by:
Adaptation and hardiness
Life Cycle
Parts used for food
Taxonomic grouping
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Botanical Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Sub-Kingdom: Land Plants (Embryophyta)
Division: Seed Plants (Magnoliophyta)
Class: Cone Bearing (Gymnospermae)
Flowering (Angiospermae)
Subclass: Monocotyledon (Liliopsida)
Dicotyledon (Magnoliopsida)
Know complete taxonomy of at least one vegetable crop
(Kingdom on down)
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Botanical Classification
Family:
An assemblage of genera that closely or uniformly
resemble one another in general appearance and
technical characters
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Botanical Classification
Genus:
Identifies a more or less closely related and definable
group of plants that may include one or more species.
The species within a genus are usually structurally or
phylogenetically related.
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Botanical Classification
Species:
A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding
and are distinctly different in morphological or other
characteristics from other species in the same genus.
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Botanical Classification
Variety:
A subdivision of a species consisting of a population
with morphological characteristics distinct from other
species forms.
(considered a naturally occurring taxonomic division)
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Botanical Classification
Cultivar (cultivated variety):
Denotes certain cultivated plants that are alike in most
important aspects of growth but are clearly
distinguishable from others by one or more definite
characteristics.
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Botanical Classification
Clone:
Identifies material derived from a single individual and
maintained by vegetative propagation. (genetically
identical)
Line:
A uniform sexually reproduced population, usually self-
pollinated, that is seed propagated and maintained to
the desired standard of uniformity by selection.
(genetically similar)
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Botanical Classification
Strain:
A term used to identify plants of a given cultivar that
possess similar characteristics but differ in some minor
feature or quality
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Botanical Classification
Additional Taxonomy -
Family
Genus
Species
Cultivar
Complete Latin Binomial includes the name of the
individual who first described the species.
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Botanical Classification
Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Genus: Brassica
Species: oleracea
Group/Variety: capitata
Cultivar: ‘Golden Acre’
Strain: ‘Golden Acre YR’
Complete Latin Binomial - cabbage
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. cv. Golden Acre YR
Commercially:
Brassica oleracea cv. Golden Acre YR
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Growth and Development
Processes and characteristics of each growth
stage:
Germination
Establishment
Vegetative growth
Reproductive growth
Ripening and senescence
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Factors Affecting Growth
• Light • Photoperiodicity, etc.
• Temperature • Cardinal temperatures, Van
Hoff’s law, etc.
• Heat • GDD, thermoperiodicity,
vernalization, hardening, etc.
• Water availability
• Fertility
• Genetics & physiology
• Crop management
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Vegetable Propagation
Types of propagules:
Botanical seed
Transplants
Vegetative cuttings, tubers,
bulbs, rhizomes, roots, etc.
Tissue culture
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Seed
Characteristics of good seed:
Genetically pure
High germination
High vigor
No dormancy
Disease free
Free of weed seed and
foreign matter
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Vegetative Propagation
Methods:
Cuttings (sweet potatoes, taro, cassava)
Tubers or bulbs (potatoes, onions, garlic)
Root division (asparagus, rhubarb)
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Soil Management
Soil Types:
Organic
Peat soils (>50% OM, partly decomposed)
Muck soils (<50% OM, mostly decomposed)
Mineral
Sand (large particles, low WHC, low nutrients)
Silt (medium particles, high WHC, med nutrients)
Clay (small particles, med WHC, high nutrients)
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Soil Management
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Fertility - Mineral Nutrients
Macronutrients:
Nitrogen Calcium
Phosphorus Magnesium
(K) Potassium Sulfur
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Fertility - Mineral Nutrients
Micronutrients:
(Fe) Iron (Cu) Copper
(Mn) Manganese (Zn) Zinc
Boron Cobalt
(Cl) Chlorine Molybdenum
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m2 area to be fertilized
Fertility - Mineral Nutrients kg fertilizer desired % of nutrient m2 in a hectare 43,560 ft2 = 1 acre
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Irrigation
Types of irrigation equipment:
Surface or flood
Sprinkler
hand move
side roll
big gun
center pivot
Trickle or drip systems
Sub-irrigation
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Weed Control
Common weeds in vegetables:
Grasses
foxtail, wild oats, barnyard grass
Broadleaf
redroot pigweed, lambsquarter,
purslane, kochia, Canada thistle,
bindweed
Sedges
yellow nutsedge
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Disease Cycle – Pathogen Life Cycle
Stages of Disease Development
overwinter
inoculation
germination
penetration
infection incubation
invasion
reproduction
dissemination
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Virus Diseases
Given name based on host and symptoms:
Tomato Ringspot Virus
Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Tobacco Mosiac Virus
Potato Leaf Roll Virus
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Disease control strategies:
Utilize certified seed
Control refuge species
Select disease-free production sites
Use disease resistant cultivars
Utilize crop rotation
Optimize planting date for avoidance
Apply appropriate pesticides when necessary
Control vectors
General Disease Control Strategies
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Insect Control
Insect control strategies:
Eliminate refuges
Protect beneficial insects
Understand the life cycle of important
pests
Design an effective scouting program
Timely insecticide applications
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Insect Control
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Production systems
• Understand general features of modern intensive, market
garden, subsistence
• Be able to compare and contrast each
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Post-harvest
• Next exam – YAY!!!