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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Open Access and BooksApplying an International Lens
Dr Frances PinterFounder, Knowledge Unlatched
& Knowledge Unlatched Research
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Looking at Monographs
?
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
What is a Monograph?
Along,academicandpeerreviewedworkonasingletopicnormallywrittenbyasingleauthor,andextendedtoalsoincludepeerreviewededitedcollectionsby
multipleauthors.
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
‘The writing of the long-form publication (the monograph) is the research process.’
Professor Geoffrey CrossickMonographs and Open Access – Report to HEFCE
Monographs & Research
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
The Monograph is Big Data
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Monographs are Important
Monographs play a unique role in knowledge creation and scholarly communications Monographs are not just ‘long articles’
•Different function in the research process•Different Business Models •Additional formats for sale
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Why Such a Mess?
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Systemic Challenges
• Whyarepoliciessovague?• Whereisfundingcomingfrom?• Whyarepublishingcostssohardtopindown?HowdoesOAforbooksfitinwith1.thenewdigitallandscape2.changesinknowledgegeneration3.changesinscholarlycommunications
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
OA Policies
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
What’s happening in Europeand the UK
talking about…
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
EUROPE
Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway and UK
knowledge-exchange.info/event/open-access-
monographs
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Policy, Encouragement, Mandating
• Policies are not the same as mandates• Mandates are not always enforced• Compliancy issues abound• Standards not there yet• Supporting infrastructure still
incomplete
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Therefore …
• No single source of funding is likely to cover all monographs
• The future will be a mix and match approach, and no single funding or publishing model will cover all monographs
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Mix and Match
• Publishing models that accommodate OA monographs vary and can be used in conjunction with one another
• Infrastructure is improving
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Mandates for Monographs
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
UK Developments
HEFCEandtheREF
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Funding OA Books
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Money in the System
•Simba Information Report •US initiatives – Mellon, AAUP•Institutions and Libraries
talking about…
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Simba Information Report
• 10,000+scholarlybooksonOA(atend2015,butnotcomplete)
• Expectsgrowthof30%perannum• $21Million–alreadyavailable• HSSOAwilldependonmixedmodels,notjustBPCs
• Doesnottakeintoaccountstepchanges– butthinksitwillhappen
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Out of America
• MellonInfrastructureProjects• ARL/AAU/AAUP– ECAsupport• 2.5%LibrarybudgetcommitmenttoOA
• Lever• Luminos
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Luminos Model
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Institutions and Libraries
• Links between impact and research funding mean dissemination crucial
Therefore…• New interest in experimentation
with new publishing • New University Presses &
Coalitions
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Publishing
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• Types of Publishers• Funding Models• Costs of Publishing• Getting to OA
talking about…
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• Traditional University Presses
• Traditional Commercial Presses
• New University Presses (often library based)
• Academic Led Presses
Types of Book Publishers
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Funding Models
Follow the Money
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Model One
BPC paid for by research funder
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Model TwoBPC paid for by author’s institution
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Model ThreeMembership funding
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Model Four
Crowdfunding
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Model Five
Embedded institutional support
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Model Six
Full Institutional funding
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
BPC vs APC
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
What’s in a BPC?
• Partial or full publishing costs• Partial income substitution• Other formats (e.g. print) contributing
to full cost recovery• Too little experience yet of whether
print will contribute enough to cover all costs
• Does a BPC include a profit/surplus?
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
What is the ‘C’ in a BPC?
Charge ≠ Cost
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
What does a Publisher Do?Some of the 99+ tasks
• Selection Process• Peer Review and QA• Author support• Copyediting and proofing• Project managements• Permissions management• File pre-processing• Design• Digital file preparation• File conversion/distribution/preservation• Marketing• Website, e-marketing• Sales Representation & Servicing sales channels• Creation & Maintenance of metadata• Sales and Distribution
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• Pre-Press – fixed• Post Press – variable• Ongoing over life of book – fixed
and variable• Overheads• Profits/surplus
Costs of Publishing
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Range of BP Charges
Services of publishers vary greatly
€ 500 (just hosting) €18,000 (full service CC BY licence)
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Transitioning to OA
• Some university presses are already a cost centre and do not expect to recover costs
• This makes it easier to build OA transitioning into the mission without adding to costs
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Publishers in many continental countries continue to rely on ‘print’ subsidies and/or buy backs from public and private funds –these could easily be rechanneled to pay for OA publishing
Transitioning to OA
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• Successful pure OA monograph initiatives are demonstrating clear benefits but scalability will require further support
• OA books contribute to experimentation with different forms of publishing and are drivers of change
New initiatives and OA
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• Leading book publishers now understand and are happy with BPCs
• Funding for new publishers is emerging
• Traditional systems of publishing will co-exist even as more goes OA
• Cost savings with OA are viable• Higher return on investment
Where we are now with OA
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Infrastructure
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• Discovery Challenges• Discovery and Metadata• Dissemination & Metadata• Hosting & Preservation• Guidelines for Good Infrastructure• Value Added Services
talking about…
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Discovery: Challenges
Goal of OA: – take away access barriers, increase reach, usage, and
impact of content
Dependent on discovery:• Users access content through various sources:
– retailers; e-book aggregators; library vendors; library catalogues; publishers website
• Third party suppliers struggle with free content: – zero pricing, no DRM, no commission?
• When a title is discovered: – is it clear that there is a free version?
• When the OA version is discovered: – is it clear what rights are attached?
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Discovery & Metadata
Using the right metadata is first part of the solution:
1. Conventional metadata for books:– bibliographic information, isbn, classification codes,
keywords, abstract, etc
2. Metadata for digital content:– DOI; ORCID; chapter level metadata
3. Metadata for OA content:– license information (Creative Commons), open access flag,
funder information (FundRef), links to OA collections
– for green OA: embargo, version, link to version of record
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Dissemination & Metadata
The purpose of metadata is to support dissemination:•Formats to supply metadata:
– ONIX 3.0 (book industry)– MARC21 (library community)
•Provide metadata feeds for various channels:– Library discovery systems: OCLC WorldCat; ExLibris Primo;
ProQuest’s Summon; EBSCO Discovery– OA channels: harvesting through OAI-PMH; BASE– Web resources: Europeana; DPLA
•Hosting & discovery platforms:– OAPEN; JSTOR; Ingenta Open– Discovery service for OA books: DOAB
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Hosting&Preservation
• Hosting & discovery platforms:– OAPEN; JSTOR; Ingenta Open– Discovery service for OA books: DOAB– Some Publishers’ websites
• Preservation_ Portico, CLOCKSS, HathiTrust & others
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Good Infrastructure Guidelines
Good practice guidelines for metadata:• ONIX for books: Editeur FAQ on OA monographs• CrossRef Best Practises for books• Jisc/OAPEN metadata model for OA monographs
CrossRef guidelines include:• Add outbound DOI links from references in books• Establish editorial practices to ensure DOI linking• Deposit references with CrossRef
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Value Added Services
• Identifiers: DOI (Crossref), ORCID, named entities (NERD)
• Entity recognition, with NERD• Certification of publications, with
DOAB• Open annotation, eg - with
Hypothesis• Usage metrics
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Building Infrastructure
•Hirmeos and OPERAS – EU based•Mellon Projects
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Authors & Readers
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• What do authors think about OA?
• Licencing
• What to keep/what to improve
talking about…
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Author Interest in OA
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
However…
Attitudes vary greatly both between countries, between disciplines and even among researchers within a discipline, depending on their career stage and other factors.
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Furthermore…
‘The most vocal voices against OA have been those who see the challenges such as third party rights permissions as insurmountable obstacles. As we see from this and other studies a more nuanced approach to OA can alleviate some of the concerns.’
LandscapeStudyknowledge-exchange.info/event/open-access-monographs
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
And…
‘Some studies (such as the Book of the Future report, RCUK & BL) provide evidence that in some subjects there is still limited understanding of the benefits or appetite for OA.’
LandscapeStudyknowledge-exchange.info/event/open-access-monographs
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
• For the increasingly mobile academic increased usage figures are a definite plus
• Increased exposure and impact
Author Benefits
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Interviews with KU Authors
• Anke Timmermann, KU Pilot author of Verse and • Cynthia Skenazi, KU Pilot author of Aging Gracefully in the Renaissance.
Stories of Later Life from Petrarch to Montaigne Jennifer Fredette, KU Pilot author of Constructing Muslims in France (Temple University Press)
• Eugene D. Coyle and Richard A. Simmons, KU Pilot authors of Understanding the Global Energy Crisis (Purdue University Press)
• Steven Pierce, author of Moral Economies of Corruption: State Formation and Political Culture in Nigeria (Duke University Press)
• James P. Wilper, author of Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German (Purdue University Press)
• Kristin V. Monroe, author of The Insecure City: Space, Power, and Mobility in Beirut (Rutgers University Press)
• Marc D. Perry, author of Negro Soy Yo: Hip Hop and Raced Citizenship in Neoliberal Cuba (Duke University Press)
• Jason Pierce, author of Making the White Man’s West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West (University Press of Colorado)
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Licencing & Author Choice
Per Country (from DOAB)
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
What to Keep and Improve
For both Authors and Readers• Quality Assurance• Peer Review• Editorial Processes• New Software• Easier to use Platforms
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Content & Services
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
talking about…
Big and new issues
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
The Big Issues
• Who owns the content?
• Who decides on licensing policy?
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Distribution of Licences
Per Country (from DOAB)
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The New Issues
• Data analytics• Workflow processes and tools• Who is developing the new services?• What does that mean for the
future?
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Metrics
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New Studies and Reports•Springer Report•KU Research – 4 University Presses and JSTOR •KU Research – UCL•Geolocational data
talking about…
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SpringerNature Study
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SpringerNature Study
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SpringerNature Study
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SpringerNature Study
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SpringerNature Study
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SpringerNature Study
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SpringerNature Study
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SpringerNature Study
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Springer Nature Summary
• Downloaded - seven times more than closed books
• Cited 50% more
• Mentioned online ten times more
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JSTOR Report
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Where do Readers Come From?Are they already on JSTOR or do they come from other sites such as Google Scholar? What are the percentages?
Top 10 referrers by session – OA books
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Top 10 referrers by session and publisher: OA books
Where do Readers Come From?
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
OA Books
Event type as percentage of events by publisher
What is the reader’s behavior re: the proportion who download chapters and those who just view?
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Event type by user
OA BooksWhat is the reader’s behavior re the proportion who download chapters and those who just view?
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Across the JSTOR Platform
Comparison cloud – top 100 BISAC terms found in OA and non-OA titles
Most Popular Subjects
Non-OA
OA
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UCL Press - Social Media Tracking
A/Prof Lucy Montgomery Boston – June 2017
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Social Media Referrals
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Geo-location – KU titles
A/Prof Lucy Montgomery – Alkim Ozaygen Michigan – June 2017
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
MIT - 2016Q4 Usage
37
556593
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Institutional3OAPEN3Downloads3(COUNTER)
Geolocation3Downloads Total3Geolocation3+3OAPEN3(COUNTER)
Chart:3Institutional3Usage3for3Pilot3and3Round323titles
Only 3.9-13.5% of all usage in the C/B area is recorded in COUNTER!
- 88
Including Geo-location (Cambridge & Boston)
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Libraries
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
talking about…
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Libraries
• Supporting authors and readers• Facilitating discoverability• Fostering New University Presses• Participating and supporting new
initiatives• Contributing to the debate• Supporting change
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
Libraries made this happenThe KU Model
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
KU Progress 2014 - 2018
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kuresearch.org @kuresearchorg
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Thank You