Download - Openpit fundamentals
![Page 1: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Venkat
![Page 2: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Terminology
BENCH: Ledge that forms a single levelof operation above which mineral orwaste materials are mined from thebench face.
![Page 3: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
2
Terminology
BENCH HEIGHT: Vertical distance between thehighest point on the bench (crest) and the lowestpoint or the bench (toe). It is influenced by size ofthe equipment, mining selectivity, governmentregulations and safety.
![Page 4: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2
Terminology
BENCH SLOPE or BANK ANGLE :Horizontal angle of the line connectingbench toe to the bench crest.
![Page 5: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
BERM: Horizontal shelf or ledge within the ultimate pitwall slope left to enhance the stability of the a slopewithin the pit and improve the safety. Berm interval,berm width and berm slope angle are determined by thegeotechnical investigation.
Terminology
![Page 6: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
5
OVERALL PIT SLOPE ANGLE: The angle measuredfrom the bottom bench toe to the top bench crest. It isthe angle at which the wall of an open pit stands and itis determined by rock strength, geologic structures andwater conditions.
Terminology
![Page 7: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
5
The overall pit slope angle is affected by the width andgrade of the haul road.
Terminology
![Page 8: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
HAUL ROADS: During thelife of the pit a haul roadmust be maintained foraccess.
HAUL ROAD - SPIRALSYSTEM: Haul road isarranged spirally along theperimeter walls of the pit.
Terminology
![Page 9: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
HAUL ROAD – SWITCH BACK SYSTEM: Zigzag pattern onone side of the pit.
HAUL ROAD WIDTH:Function of capacity ofthe road and the sizeof the equipment. Haulroad width must beconsidered in theoverall pit design.
Terminology
![Page 10: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Haul Road Effect on Pit Limits
![Page 11: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
ANGLE OF REPOSE: Maximum slope of thebroken material.
SUBCROP OR ORE DEPTH: Depth of wasteremoved to reach initial ore.
PRE-PRODUCTION STRIPPING: Strippingdone to reach initial ore.
Terminology
![Page 12: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
ULTIMATE PIT LIMITS: Vertical and lateral extend ofthe economically mineable pit boundary. Determined onthe basis of cost of removing overburden or wastematerial vs. the mineable value of the ore.
PIT SCHEDULING: Material may be mined from the piteither in:1) sequential push backs2) conventional push backs.
Terminology
![Page 13: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
STRIPPING RATIO: Expressed in tons of waste to tonsof ore in hard rock open pit operations. Critical andimportant parameter in pit design and scheduling.
AVERAGE STRIP RATIO: Total waste divided by totalore within the ultimate pit.
CUTOFF STRIPPING RATIO: Costs of mining a ton ofore and associated waste equals to net revenue from theton of Ore.
Terminology
![Page 14: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Single Working Bench
![Page 15: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Shovel in Working Bench
![Page 16: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Two Working Benches
![Page 17: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
FinalPit
Limit
![Page 18: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Example Mine
2001 2007 2011
![Page 19: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
21
PitSequence
(1)
![Page 20: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
22
PitSequence
(2)
![Page 21: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
23
PitSequence
(3)
![Page 22: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
24
PitSequence
(4)
![Page 23: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
25
Section of Pit Sequence
![Page 24: Openpit fundamentals](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022052321/54437b51afaf9f550d8b4568/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
25