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Optical Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring of Sites
Affected by Energy Extraction Nadia Rochdi and Karl Staenz
Alberta Terrestrial Imaging Centre University of Lethbridge
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Content
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1. Optical remote sensing
2. Environmental monitoring for remediation management activities.
3. Monitoring procedure for site reclamation in Alberta (MOPRA) project
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1. Optical Remote Sensing
Spot-5
AISA
• Optical sensors embarked on board of airborne and space borne platforms.
• Measure of the light reflected by the land/atmosphere system in the 400-2500nm wavelength domain.
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Multispectral
Multispectral vs Hyperspectral Hyperspectral
Source: Gomez – George Mason University
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Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR)
• Airborne LiDAR instrument acquires measurements back and forth across the flight line.
• They emit laser pulses in a small diameter comprised between 5 and 30 cm. • Small-footprint or discrete return systems are commonly used for land surveying.
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• The laser pulse hit the canopy and return back towards the sensor.
• LiDAR sensor records the time of each return laser pulse and its corresponding intensity.
• GPS provides the x,y position of the target
• The z-coordinate of the targets is derived from the return time.
Topography and Vegetation Structure
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2. Environmental Monitoring of Remediation Management Activities 1. Tailing Composition 2. Mine site rehabilitation 3. Pollutant emission impact on surrounding environment
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Tailings Composition (1/2)
Source: CCRS
Airborne Probe-1 Data 1998
Copper Cliff Mine
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Tailings Composition (2/2)
Pyrite Pyrrhotite Jarosite Goethite Hematite Vegetation Water
Mine Tailings Geochemistry
Source: CCRS
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Mine Site Rehabilitation (1/2)
1996
1998 1999
- Example - Sudbury, Ontario
Copper Cliff, Sudbury (ON)
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Mine Site Rehabilitation (2/2) Copper Cliff Tailings Impoundment, Sudbury Ontario (Inco Ltd.)
Data Integration
Fe SO4 Hg 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Soil Chemistry
GeoDatabase for Revegetation Assessment
Geology
Topography
Vegetation Change
Evaluation, Assessment, Modeling
Revegetation Potential
High Low
Time Series Airborne Hyperspectral
1st level
Source: CCRS
0 % Cover 100
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Impacts on Surrounding Environment
INDICATOR:
Vegetation Disturbance due to Mining Activity
SO2 emission, Sudbury, ON
60 km
30 km 8 km
3 km
Extraction of Vegetation Percent Cover from
zones around emissions source
Source: CCRS
Hyperion Data
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3. Monitoring Procedure for Site Reclamation in Alberta (MOPRA)
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Funding (Nov. 2011 to Oct.2012) Tecterra Alberta Water and Environment Oil Sands Research Information Network (OSRIN)
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Oil and Gas Well Sites Reclamation Alberta’s Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act:
“The objective of conservation and reclamation of specified land is to return the specified land to an equivalent land capability”
Alberta Environment and Water: The regulatory authority responsible for issuing reclamation certificates.
Audit process: Audit of 10-15% of submitted applications for reclamation certificates.
After Audit: 25-year reclamation liability and lifetime contamination liability remains with the company.
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Abandoned and Reclaimed wells 1963-2011
Audit and/or inquiry assessment at all well sites are unrealistic and extremely costly
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Goal
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Develop a remote sensing based procedure to support the oil and gas wells reclamation monitoring:
• Provide spatio-temporal information about vegetation condition in reclaimed well sites
• Incorporate this information in the decision making process to screen all sites and prioritize those showing a risk
• A more efficient allocation of available government resources
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Objectives
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Develop a baseline map which provides information about the type of landcover prior to well site establishment.
Develop a multi-year monitoring approach to determine the temporal trend of vegetation condition within reclaimed areas (including pre-disturbance, mining, remediation, reclamation and post-certification)
Retrieve information of interest about vegetation condition in well sites
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22/08/2014
Study Areas
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Cold Lake
Coal Valley
Lacombe
Calgary
Edmonton
Lacombe Cold Lake
Coal Valley
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Remote Sensing
Airborne data • AISA Hyperspectral data • LiDAR data
Spaceborne data
• Multispectral SPOT • Multispectral Landsat • Multispectral RapidEye
Future Sensors
• Multispectral Sentinel-2
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Baseline Land Cover/ Species Composition
• Evaluate Multispectral vs. Hyperspectral data
• Investigate the benefits of data fusion with LiDAR
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Multi-year Monitoring (1/3)
Unsupervised Classification of Multi- year vegetation
index (NDVI)
1998-2011
Cold Lake
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Multi-year Monitoring (2/3)
Well sites vs. reference sites
Lacombe Cold Lake
Difference in NDVI_avg
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Multi-year Monitoring (3/3)
Change detection: revegetation in Cold Lake
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Vegetation Condition
• Leaf Area Index • Vegetation fractional cover • Forest structural attributes • Stress indicators: chlorophyll and water stress
Lopez-Lozano et al., 2010
Popescu et al., 2002
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Concluding Remarks
• Previous studies have highlighted the benefits of remote sensing for monitoring remediation activities.
• The MOPRA project offer the opportunity to explore the benefits of the available remote sensing technologies as well as those to be launched in the future for supporting reclamation success monitoring in Alberta.