Optimized Unconventional Shale Development with MPD Techniques
Bhavin Patel, MPD Engineer, Global Business Unit Weatherford International
DEA TECHNOLOGY FORUM - JUNE 2015
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U.S. Shale Plays - 16,696
exploratory and development wells drilled on US land during year 2010 (eia published data)
- 2544* wells spudded during FY 2014 on federal lands. *Bureau of Land Management published data
DEA TECHNOLOGY FORUM - JUNE 2015 1
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Mechanical Specific Energy Concept of Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE)
𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑊𝐴
+ 2𝜋𝐴
𝑁𝑁𝜇
Where: W = Thrust force or weight on bit A = Area of the hole N = Rotational speed, rpm T = Torque µ = ROP
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Differential Pressure Effect on ROP
DEA TECHNOLOGY FORUM - JUNE 2015
Source: Applied Drilling Engineering – SPE textbook, Bourgoyne et al.
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Mechanical Specific Energy Concept of Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE)
MSE = (W/A)+(2π/A)(NT/µ) Where: W = Thrust force or weight on bit
A = Area of the hole
N = Rotational speed, rpm
T = Torque
µ = ROP
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Mechanical Specific Energy Typical approach to Minimize MSE using open to atmosphere circulating system Limited to only minimizing the numerator MSE = (W/A)+(2π/A)(NT/µ)
o Decrease weight on bit (W) o Decrease rpm (N) o Decrease torque (T)
This approach limits drilling performance
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MSE and Differential Pressure Applied Drilling Engineering study by Bourgoyne Jr, et al, 1991 Correlates ROP and differential pressure between hydrostatic of mud column and pore pressure
ROP2=ROP1ecD(MW1 – MW2)
Where:
ROP = Rate of Penetration MW1 = Mud weight at ROP1 MW2 = Modified mud weight D = Well depth C = constant based on formation, bit type, & WOB
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Managed Pressure Drilling (Definition per IADC)
“Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is an adaptive drilling process used to precisely control the annular pressure profile through out the wellbore. The objectives are to ascertain the down hole pressure environment limits and to manage the annular hydraulic pressure profile accordingly. MPD is intended to avoid continuous influx of formation fluids to the surface. Any influx incidental to the operation will be safely contained using appropriate process.”
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Optimized performance & enhanced control by closing the loop
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ECD Components
Conventional – ECD = Hyd Pressure + Frictional Pressure
MPD – ECD = Hyd Press + Frictional Pressure + Back
Pressure
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Monitoring of Critical parameter trends
Flow In & Out
Mud Density In & Out
Choke Pressure, Stand Pipe Pressure & Bottom Hole Pressure
Choke Position
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Dynamic Pore Pressure Test
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Benefits of MPD for Shale Drilling
MPD allows for added control and optimization of ECD – Allows for enhanced mud weight management during
drilling
Direct versus Invisible NPT – Elimination of Non productive events through better control
and handling of downhole issues High pressure low volume Gas stringers
– Improvement of drilling efficiency (i.e. ROP) via mud weight optimization
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Mechanical Specific Energy CLD approach to Minimize MSE using closed circulating system
– Maximize the denominator
MSE = (W/A)+(2 x π/A)(NT/µ) – Increase rate of penetration (µ)
Decrease of MSE (via µ) allows for lighter weight drill pipe, less rpm and torque
– Therefore allows for utilization of smaller rigs and less capable and less expensive rigs
DEA TECHNOLOGY FORUM - JUNE 2015
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Haynesville Gas Shale – Results Reduced overall drilling time on 4 wells by 49% and saved more than $2
million USD. Improved ROP at curve and lateral through use of 14.8 vs 16.5 ppg mud. More time drilling and not circulating out kicks at high temperature. MPD enhanced safety through managing large quantities of gas at surface. Reduce NPT through early influx detection and precision control chokes
used to deplete the high volume-low volume fractures within hours Enhanced nuisance gas management capability Augmented well control from flow change identification via coriolis and
mass balance (even in high gas environment)
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Haynesville Gas Shale – Results Well #2 Depth vs. Days
Plan vs. Actual10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
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17000
5/23
5/24
5/25
5/26
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5/28
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5/31 6/1
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6/18
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6/20
6/21
6/22
DEPT
H in
FEE
T
DATE
15 Days Ahead of Plan
48% Improvement in Depth vs. Days Against Planned # of Days
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Haynesville Gas Shale – Results 10000
10500
11000
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15000
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17500
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
Mea
sure
d Dep
th, f
eet
Days From 7" Shoe to TD
10 Well Campaign Depth vs Days (Last 4 With MPD)
With Microflux MPD
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Argentina – Shale Oil Vaca Muerta – Shale formation Pore pressure uncertainty LOC / Influx ~ differential stick UBD/MPD (42 wells since 2009) Drilling optimization = Reduce NPT and risk management
– Balloning, LOC, Influx – Ability for dynamic well control – Improve in safety (gas management)
Pore pressure validation Early identification of production Minimize formation damage
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MPD Benefits - Non Conventional Resource Development
Consideration of “Assembly Line” approach in shale drilling & completion technologies is important. Even marginal increase in drilling efficiency can lead to significant saving in field development cost.
Improving drilling efficiency in shale drilling requires reduction in both visible and invisible non-productive time (NPT due to slow ROP). Improving ROP requires MSE optimization and improved drilling efficiency.
Real-time optimization of MSE by monitoring and control of drilling parameters is effective way to increase drilling efficiency and increase rate of penetration. Real-time adjustment of WOB, rotational speed and torque has proved helpful to optimize MSE.
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MPD Benefits (Continued) Wellbore pressure (BHP) affects rate of penetration in a significant manner.
Optimizing BHP / ECD by manipulating mud density, surface back pressure and mud properties will improve ROP by optimizing MSE.
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) Techniques enables real-time monitoring and optimization of Bottom Hole Pressure. CBHP technique of MPD can reduce mud weight required to drill the well as compared with conventional drilling.
Real-time monitoring and control of ECD / BHP using automated MPD system will reduce amount of overbalance, yielding improved ROP and increased drilling efficiency.
MPD techniques have proven very effective in drilling challenging wells into conventional reservoirs. Similar success can be replicated with drilling into shale plays as well.
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Acknowledgements Brian Grayson and Huub Gans as Co-authors of SPE
SPE-164565-MS. Weatherford Management IADC and DEA
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