ORARA RIVER REHABILITATION PROJECT LANDHOLDER BOOKLET
ORARA VALLEY RIVERCARE GROUPS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE INC
© Coffs Harbour City Council 2012
This booklet has been produced with funding from the NSW Environmental Trust; the Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority; and Coffs Harbour City Council, in partnership with:
• Orara Valley RiverCare Groups Management Committee Inc• Urumbilum Cochrans Pool RiverCare Group• Karangi LandCare Group• Nana Glen LandCare Group• Orara Valley Progress Association• Coffs Harbour Regional LandCare
Thank You to all Project Partners for their input into the booklet.
Requests for information regarding this document are best directed to:
Orara River Rehabilitation Project OfficerCoffs Harbour City CouncilLocked Bag 155Coffs Harbour NSW 2450Phone: (02) 6648-4000
The documented may be cited as:Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet, Coffs Harbour City Council 2012.
Editing: Sandy Eager & the Orara Valley RiverCare Groups Management Committee IncDesign and layout: Dee Rogers.
Printed on recycled paper.
3
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
CONTENTSHISTORY OF THE RIVER & ORARA RIVER REHABILITATION PROJECT .................................................................................4
Location .........................................................................................................................................................................................4History ............................................................................................................................................................................................5
Landscape ............................................................................................................................................................................5Aboriginal Significance ...................................................................................................................................................5Recent History ....................................................................................................................................................................5
THE ROLE OF LANDCARE GROUPS IN RIVER REHABILITATION ............................................................................................6
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................................................7Climate ...........................................................................................................................................................................................7Geology & Soil .............................................................................................................................................................................7Riparian Vegetation ...................................................................................................................................................................7Vegetation Corridors .................................................................................................................................................................7Native Vegetation Type ............................................................................................................................................................8
WHY REHABILITATE THE RIVER ........................................................................................................................................................9Bank Stabilisation .......................................................................................................................................................................9Improved Water Quality ...........................................................................................................................................................9Improved Farm Productivity and Land Values .............................................................................................................. 10Improved Biodiversity Conservation ................................................................................................................................ 10
STRATEGIES FOR RIVER REHABILITATION ................................................................................................................................. 11The Orara River Rehabilitation Project Approach ........................................................................................................ 11On Ground Work ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Site Selection ................................................................................................................................................................... 11Vegetation Regeneration ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
The Process of Rainforest Regeneration ................................................................................................................ 13Target Condition ............................................................................................................................................................. 13Natural Regeneration .................................................................................................................................................... 13Basic principles of natural regeneration: ............................................................................................................... 13
Weed Control ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14Priority Weed Species ................................................................................................................................................... 14Weed control methods ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Revegetation Planting ........................................................................................................................................................... 21Native Plants for River Banks and Creek Lines ..................................................................................................... 21Native Plants for Farm Dams, Wetlands and Depressions in Paddocks ...................................................... 22Paddock Trees & Wind Breaks .................................................................................................................................... 22Plants for Under Electricity Easements ................................................................................................................... 22
PLANTING SITE PREPARATION & MAINTENANCE .................................................................................................................. 24Plant Spacing ............................................................................................................................................................................ 24Caring For Your New Plantings ........................................................................................................................................... 25Expanding Your Revegetated Area ................................................................................................................................... 25Your river bank vegetation in the landscape ................................................................................................................. 25
STOCK MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................................... 27Fencing ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 29Stock watering .......................................................................................................................................................................... 30Formed Access Points ............................................................................................................................................................ 32
PROJECT AREA MAPS ...................................................................................................................................................................... 34
WHERE TO GET ASSISTANCE ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
4
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
HISTORY OF THE RIVER & ORARA RIVER REHABILITATION PROJECT
LOCATIONThe Orara Valley is located west of Coffs Harbour on the NSW Mid North Coast, approximately 90m above sea level. The valley is a sub catchment of the greater Clarence River system which is the largest coastal river system in south eastern Australia.
The main rivers and creeks within the sub catchment include:
f Orara River, which runs from Upper Orara to the Coffs Harbour LGA boundary just north of Nana Glen;
f Urumbilum River which runs from Dairyville to meet the Orara River at Upper Orara; and
f Bucca Bucca Creek, which runs from Bucca to meet the Orara River at Nana Glen.
5
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
HISTORYLandscape
The Orara Valley is within the land of the Gumbaynggirr people. The valley forms a sub catchment of the greater Clarence River system, including the Orara River, Urumbilum River, Bucca Bucca Creek and their tributaries. Well forested hillslopes are often within National Park and State Forest lands.
Native vegetation along the rivers and creeklines mainly consists of Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia which is an Endangered Ecological Community. The river and forest is important habitat for vulnerable and endangered fauna species, including the Wompoo Fruit Dove, Rose Crowned Fruit Dove, Bush Hen, Eastern Freshwater Cod, Giant Barred Frog, Tiger Quoll, and Grey Headed Flying Fox.
Aboriginal Significance
The project area is of very high significance to the local Aboriginal people of the Gumbaynggirr country. The name “Orara” comes from the Gumbaynggirr word “Yuraara”, meaning place of food. The river is particularly know as Bindarray Bugambala (River of Perch). The entire valley was considered a very rich resource area. Important cultural sites are widespread throughout the valley and along the rivers and creeks. These sites are essential to cultural practices to preserve biodiversity and ensure the continued rejuvenation of natural resources in the project area.
Recent History
The first Europeans to arrive in the region in the mid 1800s were the cedar getters who worked their way up the Orara River and reached Coramba in 1875. This in turn opened up the way for land selection in the area. The discovery of gold in 1895 led to the establishment of a number of mines. The discovery of gold also resulted in demand for food and other resources to supply the mining community and led to further development of agriculture in the area. Currently the main agricultural activity is beef farming with some orchards and cropping.
Land use practices such as clearing and gravel extraction have resulted in the loss of native vegetation and erosion. A degraded river channel and banks lead to an increase in the velocity of floodwaters, leading to increased erosion and sedimentation in stream. Weed invasion impacts upon the biodiversity of native vegetation and loss of fauna habitat in the valley.
6
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
THE ROLE OF LANDCARE GROUPS IN RIVER REHABILITATION
In 1996 a number of Landholders from several communities across the district independently formed LandCare Groups to begin addressing degradation of the Orara River, Urumbilum River, Bucca Bucca Creek, and their tributaries. In 1998 the Orara Valley RiverCare Groups Management Committee Inc (OVRGMC) formed as an umbrella group for the local LandCare groups in the area.
f Cochrans Pool Urumbilum RiverCare Group Doug Hoschke ph 6653 8372
f Karangi LandCare Group Ron Smith ph 6653 8249
f Nana Glen LandCare Group Peter Franklin ph 6654 3452
Project Partners include:
f Orara Valley RiverCare Groups Management Committee Inc
f Orara Valley Progress Association
f Coffs Harbour City Council
f Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority
f Coffs Harbour Regional LandCare
f NSW Environmental Trust
f NSW Dept of Industry & Investment
f Federal government Caring for Country program
f GreenGrid (TransGrid & Greening Australia).
Substantial ongoing funding has been provided for the project from the Coffs Harbour City Council Environmental Levy since 1997; Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority since 2004; and more recently from the NSW Environmental Trust.
7
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATEThe climate is subtropical with typically dry winters and wet summers. Compared to the rest of Australia, the area experiences exceptionally high rainfall. The wettest month tends to be March with a mean rainfall of approximately 200mm. The driest month tends to be August with a mean rainfall of 50mm.
Summer maximum daily temperatures average around 28°c with overnight minimums averaging around 17°c. Winter maximum daily temperatures average around 20°c with overnight minimums averaging around 5°c. The riparian zone is subject to frost after particularly cold winter nights.
GEOLOGY & SOILBedrock is low rank Paleozoic metamorphic rock. This is sedimentary rock originally deposited on the sea floor that has been altered by temperature and pressure during burial.
The flood plain soils are highly erodible being composed of clayey, silty and gravelly alluvial material, layered with gravels, and with cobbles and stones in some areas.
Periodic flooding on the often poorly drained flood plains and a water table that is close to the surface exacerbates the erosion hazard.
RIPARIAN VEGETATIONVegetation along riverbanks, creeklines and around wetlands is named riparian vegetation. As such this booklet covers riparian vegetation in particular. Details of our local riparian vegetation type are contained further on.
VEGETATION CORRIDORSRiparian vegetation in the Orara Valley and Bucca forms corridors which link to well forested hill slopes under National Parks and State Forest tenures, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity at the landscape scale.
Vegetation corridors are important wildlife habitat allowing animals to travel from one patch of native forest to another. A corridor provides shelter, food and protection from predators. Birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and insects that would otherwise be isolated in one native forest patch, can utilise corridors to move between patches with relative ease and safety.
8
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
NATIVE VEGETATION TYPEThe main riverbank vegetation is Lowland Subtropical Rainforest. This rainforest which occurs covers less than 1,000 hectares on floodplains in NSW. Remaining stands are small and isolated.
Generally 20-30m tall with a closed canopy of 70% cover or more, the forest is very rich and can contain more than 40 tree species at some locations. Trees emerging out of the main canopy may be up to 40-50m tall with large spreading crown. Typical emergent trees include Figs, Pepperberries, Yellow Carrabeens, and Flooded Gums.
On the riverbank the rainforest is dominated by:
f Water Gum (Tristainiopsis Laurina)
f River Oak (Casuarina Cunninghamiana)
f Lilli Pilli (Acmena smithii)
f Brush Cherry (Syzigium australe)
f Creek Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata)
The main canopy can contain the following species:
f Black Booyong (Argyrodendron actinophyllum)
f Bolly Gum (Neolitsea australiensis)
f Brush Cherry (Syzigium australe)
f Cudgerie (Flindersia schottiana)
f Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis)
f Giant Water Gum (Syzigium francisii)
f Guoia (Guoia semiglauca)
f Hairy Walnut (Endiandra pubens)
f Hard Quandong (Elaeocarpus obovatus)
f Jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens)
f Maidens Blush (Sloanea australis)
f Native Tamarind (Diploglottis australis)
f Oliver Sassafras (Cinnamomum oliveri (Oliver Sassafras)
f Pepperberry (Cryptocarya obovata)
f Red Bean (Dysoxylum mollissimum)
f Red Cedar (Toona australis)
f Rose Walnut (Endiandra discolor)
f Rosewood (Dysoxylum fraserianum)
f White Beech (Gmelina leichhardtii)
f White Booyong (Heritiera trifoliolata)
f Yellow Carabeen (Sloanea woolsii)
9
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
WHY REHABILITATE THE RIVERPast gravel extraction, flood mitigation works, and land clearing has resulted in damage to the structure of the riverbanks and beds.
Over the years structural erosion control works have been constructed at many sites. Currently, more common river rehabilitation measures are:
f management of stock access through fencing and the provision of off stream watering points; and
f regeneration of native vegetation, including weed control and revegetation plantings.
These measures provide the following benefits.
BANK STABILISATION f Removal of riverbank vegetation leads to damage by stock grazing and hooves compacting soil;
f Fibrous roots of native vegetation binds soil together; and
f Vegetation slows down of floodwaters to reduce the force of water flow on banks.
IMPROVED WATER QUALITY f erosion control, as above;
f vegetation trapping sediment which would otherwise run into creeks and rivers;
f vegetation trapping moisture to improve soil health and decrease erosion due to soil drying;
f vegetation filtering out animal effluent, fertilizers and chemicals which would otherwise run into watercourses and lead to the growth of nuisance plants and algae; and
f vegetation shading watercourses, reducing light and water temperature levels, which otherwise may result the growth of nuisance plants and algae;
How a riparian buffer strip functions to protect the stream from contaminants.
Rainfall
Agriculturalhillslope
Groundwaterand solutes
Water and dissolved nutrientstaken up by riparian plants
Stream
High evaporation and absorbtion of nutrients
Buffer strip
Sediment and attachedcontaminants retained
by vegetation
Runoff anderosion Runoff velocity
reduced
10
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
IMPROVED FARM PRODUCTIVITY AND LAND VALUES f erosion control;
f Improved water quality;
f Healthier stock due to less exposure to water borne parasites and diseases, and less incidence of hoof disease such as foot rot;
f Healthier stock with more efficient growth due to easy access to paddock watering points, rather than stock travel greater distances, often over rougher ground, to access river water;
f Vegetation providing shade for stock and reducing the impact of high winds on stock and crops;
f Vegetation providing habitat for insect-eating birds which help protect stock, pastures and crops from damage;
f Aesthetic quality of landscapes including riverbanks vegetated with diverse native vegetation; and
f Anecdotal evidence from real estate agents suggests that well vegetated riparian frontage can add up to 10% to the market value of a rural property.
IMPROVED BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION f Protection of existing native vegetation, by weed control removing smothering weeds from
existing vegetation and new seedlings;
f Revegetation Planting reinforcing areas of native vegetation, using local native plants propagated from seed collected from the district;
f Reinforcing vegetation corridors along riverbanks, creeklines; and along fencelines, connecting to well forested hillslopes in National Parks and State Forests;
f Reduced light and temperature levels in watercourses, maintaining good habitat for aquatic animals, including water bugs and the fish that feed on them;
f Improved wildlife habitat, allowing ease of movement by native animal species through corridors.
11
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
STRATEGIES FOR RIVER REHABILITATION
THE ORARA RIVER REHABILITATION PROJECT APPROACHThe Orara River Rehabilitation Project has worked for more than a decade to carry out Structural Erosion Control Works and Rainforest Regeneration Works in the Orara Valley.
Staged Weed Control has taken place to promote the growth and regeneration of rainforest plants. Camphor Laurel control is carried out with particular care to avoid impacts of falling trees and excessive debris from dead weed trees in the river. Single Camphor Laurels trees are controlled particularly in areas where they are suppressing the growth of previously healthy rainforest trees.
Understorey weeds are also controlled in a staged process so as not to cause erosion from the excessive control of vegetation from riverbanks. A staged process allows for the gradual natural regeneration of rainforest. Where natural regeneration does not occur, revegetation planting is undertaken so that native vegetation eventually suppresses invasive weeds.
ON GROUND WORKSite Selection
To sustain the benefits healthy on farm native vegetation, wherever possible:
MAINTAIN SITES OVER 20M WIDTH
Avoid a too narrow area which is easily invaded by weeds and impacted by flooding and farm run off. At the very least the area should be a minimum 10m. The wider the area the more resilient the vegetation will be.
ACHIEVE 75% SHADE ACROSS WATERCOURSES
Remembering that for an east to west running stream, most shade is provided from the northern bank, so if possible prioritise this bank for work.
START STOCK MANAGEMENT AND WEED CONTROL IN AREAS IN GOOD CONDITION OR CLOSE BY
To maximize effectiveness by building upon existing stands of vegetation and areas where natural regeneration is already occurring.
UNDERTAKE REVEGETATION PLANTING TO REINFORCE AREAS IN GOOD CONDITION, OR AREAS WHERE YOU HAVE ALREADY BEGUN WORK
Also to maximize effectiveness by building upon existing stands of vegetation and areas where natural regeneration is already occurring.
12
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
CAREFULLY CONSIDER SITE MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS, SUCH AS MAINTENANCE OF FENCES AND FOLLOW UP WEED CONTROL
So that you do not overstretch your time and resources. In areas of heavy weed infestation you will need to consider working over a much smaller area at the outset, gradually working over a larger area.
Stock have been excluded, and the area replanted to protect against erosion.
Stock have been excluded to allow natural regeneration to occur from nearby native seed trees.
Off-site watering point to exclude stock from unstable stream bank.
This diagram shows how different strategies can be used to manage different parts of your riparian land.
13
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
VEGETATION REGENERATIONThe Process of Rainforest Regeneration1. Retain and Protect existing vegetation;2. Weed Control to allow the natural regeneration of rainforest seedlings from the existing soil seed
bank and from nearby seed sources; and3. Revegetation Planting in areas where natural regeneration is not taking place, using local
provenance plant species grown from seed collected within the valley.
Target Condition
Vegetation will be considered to be in Target Condition when: f The immediate seed sources of major infesting weeds are removed and there are no seed
producing mid/upper canopy weed species within the zone; f Stock impacts to the site are reduced or minimised to the point where understorey native
plants (such as Lomandra) can establish without being continually grazed. f There is sufficient existing native canopy cover (50-100%) to shade out and suppress weed
infestation (e.g. if the native canopy is thick enough, juvenile privet will stay suppressed as an understorey ground cover and will not produce seed); and
f Areas that have been replanted with native seedlings or have native regeneration after total canopy clearing have a survival rate of at least 1 plant per 5m2 after two seasons and that competing weed species regeneration is controlled. Plantings must survive at least two winters to be considered suitably established and must be able to provide enough canopy cover to reduce weed regeneration (i.e. 50-100% at 2m high).
Natural RegenerationNatural regeneration refers to the natural regrowth of native species from seeds within the existing soil profile or seeds brought by birds, bats or the wind from nearby vegetation in good condition.
This results in the regeneration of vegetation composed of locally appropriate and often diverse plant species. Natural regeneration preserves local genetics and helps maintain biological diversity. For these reasons natural regeneration, where conditions indicate it will be successful, is always preferred over revegetation.
Basic principles of natural regeneration:1. Work from areas with vegetation in good condition (least weeds) to areas in worse condition
(least natives) for more effective long term results.2. Disturb the soil as little as possible. This principle recognises the fact that disturbed ground
favours the growth of weeds.3. Carry out gradual weed control in response to the rate of natural regeneration, so that weeds
do not regrow in areas exposed to light by excessive weed control completed before natural regeneration occurs.
4. Smaller areas under frequent weed control often display better progress towards Target Condition in the long term than infrequent weed control in larger areas.
5. If working in a large area, divide it into management zones to make the work more efficient and manageable.
14
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
WEED CONTROLPriority Weed Species
CATS CLAW CREEPER (Macfadyena unguis-cati)Origin: Central America, the Caribbean, Tropical South AmericaHabit: Woody Climber or Creeper that is very rampant, with tuberous root system.DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
f a rampant climber with stems that eventually become very robust and woody in nature; f oppositely arranged leaves consist of two leaflets and a distinctive three-clawed tendril; f very showy yellow flowers are tubular (4-8cm long) with five petal lobes; f mature fruit are dark brown and strap-like in appearance (15-50cm long & 8-12mm wide); f fruit contain numerous papery, winged seeds.
CONTROL MEASURES:
f Cut Stump method using Glyphosate 360 mixed at a rate of 83mls to each litre of water applied to all stems.
f Cut stems as close to the ground as possible and paint the chemical on within 15 seconds of cutting.
f Regrowth will occur from the underground tubers. Don’t allow the regrowth to reach host tree’s foliage. Regrowth is best treated with a foliar spray.
f Digging the tubers out is not practical in most cases. Be prepared to continue control over the next five years
Habit Leaves Flowers
15
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
BROAD LEAF PRIVET (LigustruM LuciduM)Origin: East Asia
Habit: Tree to 10m
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: f Leaves (7-14cm), oppositely arranged, glossy dark green above, pale green below. f Flowers, small (4-6mm) white with 4 petals. f Fruit a berry (4-6mm), purple/black when mature.
CONTROL METHODS: f Cut saplings to ground level and paint immediately with 100% Glyphosate. f Stem inject large trees with 100% Glyphosate.
Leaves Flowers Mature Fruit
SMALL LEAF PRIVET (LigustruM sinense)Origin: China
Habit: Shrub to 5m
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: f Leaves (2-4cm), oppositely arranged, glossy dark green above, pale green below. New growth
may be hairy. f Flowers, small (4-6mm) white with 4 petals and clustered. f Fruit a berry (4-6mm), purple/black when mature.
CONTROL METHODS: f Cut saplings to ground level and paint immediately with 100% Glyphosate. f Stem inject large trees with 100% Glyphosate.
Leaves Flowers Mature Fruit
16
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
CAMPHOR LAUREL (cinnaMoMuM caMphora)Origin: East Asia
Habit: Tree to 20m
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: f Leaves (5-11cm long; 2-5cm wide), alternately arranged, glossy on upper surface, with
aromatic camphor smell when crushed; f Bark greyish, with numerous fissures. f Flowers, small (approx 3mm) white with 6 petals; f Fruit a berry (approx 10mm) shiny black when mature.
CONTROL METHODS: f Cut saplings to ground level and paint immediately with 100% Glyphosate. f Stem inject large trees with 100% Glyphosate.
Leaves Flowers Mature Fruit
BROAD LEAVED PASPALUM (PASPALUM MANDIOCANUM)Origin: South AmericaHabit: Broad Leaved Grass with weakly clumped growth habit.
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: f Up to 1m tall, but is generally less than 50cm in height. Clumps are up to 1m wide; f Leaf blades (10–30cm long; 8–20mm wide); f Lower parts of the stems produce roots where they contact the ground, resulting in the radial
spread of clumps;CONTROL METHODS:
f Foliar spraying, particularly effective in winter before flowering and seed set.
Habit Leaves Flowers
17
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
MADIERA VINE (anredera cordifoLia)Origin: South America
Habit: Ground Cover
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: f a vigorous climber
f heart-shaped leaves are wide, fleshy, and light green
f flower spikes are 10cm long, with numerous individual small flowers, resembling a lamb’s tail, producing dense blankets of creamy flower spikes from December to April
f produces thousands of small light-brown or green potato-like tubers along the stems which fall to the ground and sprout
CONTROL METHODS f Avoid pulling or cutting the vine stems as this results in fertile tubers dropping to the ground. f Firmly scrape sections about 30cm long along the vine, exposing the inner part of the stem.
Start from ground level and work on all stems as high as can be reached. f As you scrape, immediately paint each exposed section with 100% Glyphosate. f Vines and aerial tubers can then be left to decompose in the canopy. f Most importantly, follow up this procedure for any vine stems that have been omitted. f Sprouted tubers on the ground, can be carefully (and painstakingly) collected and bagged,
ensuring the entire tuberling is collected. f For ground regrowth, spray the tuberling leaves on a regular basis, 1 part Glyphosate to
50 parts water. The addition of Brush-off ® (Metasulfuron) to glyphosate solutions is very effective.
f Large tubers can be poisoned in the ground by gouging a hole in the tuber and filling this with 100% Glyphosate.
f To reduce further spread lay vine and tubers on a tough plastic sheet in a cleared area. f Cover tightly with black plastic sheeting and check periodically. (Spraying vine pieces with
the above Glyphosate water mix is an option), decompose in a covered drum of water. f Avoid rubbish dumping or taking contaminated soil or material to the tip - this only spreads
Madeira Vine.
Habit Leaves Tubers
18
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
Weed control methods
Herbicides are commonly used for controlling weeds in agricultural and non-agricultural situations. Numerous forms of application techniques and equipment are available to apply herbicides. The appropriate option will be determined by the size of the infestation, the available resources, access and personal preferences. The most commonly used application techniques are listed and described below. Always remember to read the product label and any relevant permit before use.
The following section has been taken from the Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook published by NSW Industry and Investment (formerly the NSW DPI). Please refer to the booklet for more in-depth information on environmental weed control.
CUT & PAINT
Here the plant is cut off completely at its base (no higher than 15cm from the ground) using a chainsaw, axe, brush cutter or machete (depending on the thickness of the stem/trunk). A herbicide solution is then sprayed or painted on to the exposed surface of the cut stump emerging from the ground, with the objective of killing the stump and the root system.
It is imperative that the herbicide solutions are applied as soon as the trunk or stem is cut. A delay of more than 15 seconds between cutting and applying the chemical will give poor results. Two operators working as a team can use this method effectively. The herbicide can be applied from a knapsack, or with a paintbrush, drench gun or a hand spray bottle. It is a good idea to use a brightly colored dye in the solution to mark the stumps that have been treated.
This method has the appeal of removing the weed immediately, and is used mainly for trees and woody weeds.
NB. Cut the stem as close as possible to ground level to achieve best results.
19
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
STEM INJECT
These methods involve drilling or cutting through the bark into the sapwood tissue in the trunks of woody weeds and trees. Herbicide is immediately placed into the hole or cut. The aim is to reach the sapwood layer just under the bark (the cambium growth layer), which will transport the chemical throughout the plant.
It is essential to apply the herbicide immediately (within 15 seconds of drilling the hole or cutting the trunk), as stem injection relies on the active uptake and growth of the plant to move the chemical through its tissues.
Stem injection methods kill the tree or shrub where it stands, and only trees and shrubs that can be safely left to die and rot should be treated this way. If a tree is to be felled, allow it to die before completely felling.
STEM INJECTION – AxE CUT (OR TREE FRILLING) METHOD
Use a heavy tomahawk to make 3cm deep cuts into the trunk at waist height or lower. While the tomahawk is still in the cut, lean the top outwards (away from the tree) to open up pockets. Fill the pocket with herbicide immediately after inflicting each cut, i.e. in less than 15 seconds. Repeat these steps as you circle around the trunk at two level with pockets offset from each other, as per illustration.
STEM INJECTION – DRILL & FILL METHOD
This stem injection method is used for tress and woody weeds with stems or trunks greater than 5cm in circumference. The method uses a battery powered drill with an 8mm drill bit to make downward angled 3cm deep holes into the sapwood, approximately 5cm apart. Then immediately fill the holes with herbicide, i.e. in less than 15 seconds.
20
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
STEM SCRAPE
Stem scraping is used for vines. A sharp knife is used to scrape a very thin layer of bark from a 15–30cm section of the stem. Herbicide is then immediately applied to the exposed soft underlying green tissue. This method is also called bark stripping or stem painting. With some woody weeds you can also peel away the bark surface and paint the exposed wood or spray it with herbicide.
FOLIAR SPRAYING
Foliar spraying is the use of herbicide diluted with water or diesel at a specific rate, and sprayed over the foliage to the point of runoff (until every leaf is wetted, but not dripping). This method is most suited to shrubs, grasses and dense vines less than 6m tall so that complete coverage is achieved.
Advantages include quickness and economy. Disadvantages include the potential for spray drift and off-target damage. Foliar spraying can be done a number of ways, depending on the size of the weed plant and/or the infestation.
21
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
REVEGETATION PLANTINGIn areas where natural regeneration does not occur then planting of locally indigenous plant species is recommended. Please only use plants propagated from seed collected from the local area in order to maintain local genetic diversity. The Orara River Rehabilitation Project Officer can put you in touch with local suppliers.
Please note that these lists are not exhaustive but show plants which are readily available from Coffs Harbour City Council Nursery and local nursery suppliers. If in doubt about what to plant where, please contact your local LandCare or RiverCare Group.
Native Plants for River Banks and Creek Lines
Waters Edge (Bank Toe) & Islands
River Mat Rush (Lomandra histrix)
River Oak (Casuarina cunninghamia)
Water Gum (Tristainiopsis laurina)
Mid Bank
Water Gum (Tristainiopsis laurina)
Brush Cherry (Syzigium australe)
Lilli Pilli (Acmena Smithii)
Creek Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata)
Guoia (Guoia semiglauca)
Bangalow Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana)
Weeping Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus)(NB – for Bucca Bucca Creek Only)
Upper Bank & Floodplain
Jackwood (Cryptocarya glaucescens)
Black Apple (Planchonella australis)
Native Tamarind (Diploglottis australis)
Giant Water Gum (Syzigium francisii)
Olivers Sassafras (Cinnamomum oliveri)
White Beech (Gmelina leichhardtii)
Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum)
Pepperberry (Cryptocarya obovata)
Rose Walnut (Endiandra discolour)
Small Leaved Fig (Ficus obliqua)
Riparian Zone Cross Section
Upper bank & floodplain
Mid bankBank toe
22
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
Native Plants for Farm Dams, Wetlands and Depressions in PaddocksBangalow Palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana)
Brush Cherry (Syzigium australe)
Creek Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata)
Giant Water Gum (Syzigium francisi)
Guoia (Guoia semiglauca)
Lilli Pilli (Acmena Smithii)
Native Daphne (Pittosporum undulatum)
Paper Bark (Melalueca ericifolia)
River Mat Rush (Lomandra histrix)
River Oak (Casuarina cunninghamia)
Water Gum (Tristainiopsis laurina)
Weeping Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus) (NB – for Bucca Bucca Creek Only)
Paddock Trees & Wind Breaks
Paddock Trees are best planted in clumps so that growing plants provide protection for each other and are more resilient to frost, flooding, and insect attack. Here are some suggestions.
Brush Cherry (Syzigium australe)
Giant Water Gum (Syzigium francisi)
Guoia (Guoia semiglauca)
Lilli Pilli (Acmena Smithii)
Native Daphne (Pittosporum undulatum)
River Oak (Casuarina cunninghamia)
Shiny Sandpaper Fig (Ficus fraserii)
Water Gum (Tristainiopsis laurina)
White Booyong (Argyrodendron trifoliolatum)
Jackwood (Cryptocarya Glaucescens)
Plants for Under Electricity EasementsBrush Cherry (Syzigium australe)
Green Wattle (Acacia irrorata)
Lilli Pilli (Acmena Smithii)
Native Daphne (Pittosporum undulatum)
River Mat Rush (Lomandra histrix)
Sally Wattle (Acacia melanoxylon)
Water Gum (Tristainiopsis laurina)
Weeping Bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus) (NB – for Bucca Bucca Creek Only)
23
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
Wooded slopes & ranges CATCHMENT ZONE
Water tank to gravity feed water toughs
SHADE ZONEWell-vegetated
drainage line
FILTER ZONE
Water troughs
Grassy buffer
Gate
Stabilised stock access
DAM ZONE
Dam wall
Water pump
SHELTERBELT ZONE
Partly submerged logs
Reeds
Island
Spillway
Water troughs
The farm dam and its immediate surrounds
24
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
PLANTING SITE PREPARATION & MAINTENANCE
While some weeds, such as Tobacco Bush, protect new plantings from excessive sun exposure and frost, it is essential to keep stock and smothering weeds away from new plantings. For example on:
f Smaller Sites – Weed Control can be carried out through the careful application of herbicides around the new plants, hand pulling, and regular mulching.
f Larger Sites – Weed Control around plantings can be carried out by spacing plants sufficiently to allow the use of your mower or slasher to maintain areas around the plants, and then Weed Control can be carried out in close proximity to the new plants through the careful application of herbicides, hand pulling, and regular mulching.
PLANT SPACING
Plant spacing, streambanks
Stream Toe Middle Upper
Lomandras: 1/2 to 1 metreTree Seedlings: 2 metre
Tree Seedlings: 2 metre
1m
1m
2m
2m 2m
2m
25
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
CARING FOR YOUR NEW PLANTINGSIt is best to support tree species planted with Stakes, and to use Tree Guards where grazing by Wallabies is likely. It is also important to use Tree Guards when planting during and just before the cooler months of the year when frosts are likely.
An application of slow release, native fertilizer in early spring gives a worthwhile boost to plant growth.
ExPANDING YOUR REVEGETATED AREAIf you are considering planting a very large area, it may be possible to plant small groups of trees together and gradually plant outwards from these areas as the original planting establish.
YOUR RIVER BANK VEGETATION IN THE LANDSCAPEImprovements to riparian vegetation contribute to the conservation of biodiversity at the landscape scale. The regeneration of rainforest along the riparian zone leads to the formation of more resilient native vegetation corridors, providing:
• reduction in weed seed sources;
• increase in local native seed sources;
• routes for dispersal of native seeds;
• migratory routes for wildlife; and
• connections to forest reserves in National Parks and State Forests.
26
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder BookletR
ole of Vegetation in the L
andscape
27
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
STOCK MANAGEMENT
It is important to manage stock access to the riparian zone to reduce:
f damage to riparian vegetation from grazing;
f compaction of the soil by hard hooves,
f subsequent erosion and degradation of the river structure;
f pollution resulting from sediment washing into the water course from erosion sites;
f pollution resulting from cattle defecation; and
f stock exposure to water borne parasites, disease, and foot rot.
Comparison of poorly managed and well managed stock access to riparian areas
Poorly ManagedA degraded catchmnet and riparian land. Significant sediment and nutrient is derived from degraded pasture, poor crop management, unlimited stock access and gully erosion.
Degraded pasture
Erosion gully
Cropland
Vehicle track
Cont
ours
Stock tracks
28
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
Well ManagedA combination of good on-farm management and good riparian land. Riparian forest provides ecological benefits and absorbs nutrients, variable width grass buffers trap sediment and stock access is controlled.
Riparian forest
Riparian grass buffer
Pasture
Fence
Cont
ours
Vehicle track
Contour banks
Cropland
Off-stream watering
Concentrated flow
Locate fences as far back from the watercourse as possible, and above flood level
29
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
POST & WIRE FENCE
Conventional fences built from wooden posts, star pickets and wire are suitable for areas away from the flow of flood waters so that are not in a position where they catch debris. Fences which catch debris and with large posts that obstruct water flow are more likely to be washed away in floods.
It is important to attach wire on the downstream side of posts when fencing across flow paths. It is not recommended to use barbed wire as this is a particular trap for debris and wire washed away creates hazards downstream.
PERMANENT ELECTRIC FENCE
Electric fences are much cheaper to construct initially and also much cheaper to repair following unexpected floods. A fence style which has proved to be particularly successful on the floodplain is constructed of star pickets and two live electric metal wires. The wires are ideally charged with a stand alone solar battery pack to reduce cost of electricity supply.
FENCINGLOCATING FENCES
Fences too close to watercourses are liable to flood damage, so it is best to place fences at least 10-20 metres from the top of the bank. By doing so, you can also take out some of the bends and curves of the stream, reducing the number of end assemblies used. This can help to reduce the cost of the fence.
Fences are best installed parallel to river flow, so that they are less vulnerable to flood damage. If fences are required perpendicular to the flow then it is best to consider placing a temporary electric fence at these locations so that it can be easily retrieved before flood events and replaced once flood waters recede.
The wider the fenced riparian zone, the larger the area covered by vegetation which holds banks in place and increases the resilience of the system to withstand flooding and erosion. But remember to keep riverbank rehabilitation areas at a manageable scale, so that weed control can be realistically incorporated with stock management. Temporary grazing of riverbanks can be managed as a method of weed control.
30
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
STOCK WATERINGWATER TROUGHS
Once a stream bank has been fenced, it will be necessary to provide paddock water troughs. The careful siting of troughs and supplementary feeding stations can also sometimes be used as an alternative to fencing to effectively encourage stock away rivers and creeks.
Landholders have demonstrated that providing shade away from rivers and providing access to clean water in a trough high in paddocks; or providing a trough closer to preferred pastures, significantly reduces the amount of time stock spend on the riverbank without the need for fences. It also helps to place protein and mineral blocks away from rivers and creeks.
Ready access to clean, unpolluted water is an important factor in optimising animal health, growth rates and productivity. Hence, the costs of providing alternative water sources for stock, other than through unrestricted access to rivers or streams, may be more than repaid through increased production.
PORTABLE ELECTRIC FENCE
In areas particularly prone to flooding, portable electric fences can also be quickly moved if there is advance notice of a likely flood peak, and then re installed after flood waters recede.
31
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
DAMS
In some cases it may be practical to construct a small dam to provide off stream watering. When building a farm dam, it is important to make sure that the appropriate consent or licence has been obtained. Make sure that the dam is carefully located so that it is effective, safe and has minimal impacts on neighbours and the environment.
Unless a farm dam is part of your harvestable right you will need a licence or consent from the NSW Office of Water and Energy. To find your harvestable rights, see http://www.farmdamscalculator.dnr.nsw.gov.au.
The Office of Water has the discretion to approve dams in writing if they are constructed for a specific environmental management purpose, such as providing off stream stock watering.
Seek expert advice regarding farm dam design and location before commencing construction of any farm dam. Even if you do not require a licence for your farm dam, it is still your responsibility to minimise impacts on your neighbours and the environment. Discuss the matter with your neighbours before constructing a new dam.
Also ensure that during all stages of construction you provide adequate erosion control and minimise disturbance to waterways, areas of native vegetation, and sites of cultural significance.
Apart from determining whether your new farm dam needs a State government licence/approval, consent from local government is required for dams:
1. with a maximum surface area of more than 0.5 hectares located:
(i) in or within 40 metres of a natural waterbody, wetland or an environmentally sensitive area, or
(ii) in an area of high watertable, or acid sulfate, sodic or saline soils
2. with a surface area of water of more than 20 hectares or a maximum total water volume of more than 800 megalitres.
3. Local Planning Regulations
4. Designated Floodplains
If you are considering construction on a designated floodplain you will need to seek consent from the NSW Office of Water regarding flood flow diversion impacts.
5. Fish Passage
Under the Fisheries Management Act 1994, any new dam or modification to an existing dam may require the owner to provide for fish passage. Contact your local NSW Fisheries office for further advice.
Dams can be used to gravity feed water troughs, or can be constructed with a formed access point to allow planting around the dam for improved water quality.
32
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
An example of how a stock crossing can be constructed to minimise damage to the waterway.
Lowest point of crossing
FORMED ACCESS POINTSA less desirable alternative to fencing and water troughs is a formed access point for stock to water from the river at a carefully selected section of the bank. It is important to avoid boggy areas, and the outsides of river bends where flow speed is high and banks are subject to increased erosive forces.
Cross-stream fencing may be required to prevent animals wandering along the bank. A graded slope into the river is selected or constructed as the site for a formed access point. Its surface is then protected by using concrete, compacted gravel, logs or similar materials to form a walkway.
It is important to consider likely changes in the depth of flow in order to make sure that access to water is available for as much of the year as possible. When dealing with steep, difficult riverbanks, it is important to recognise that stock show marked preference for using a more-comfortable access point to drink, so a site with a gently sloping bank is preferable.
33
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
Waterway with steep banks
INCORRECT - fence too close to top of embankment
embankment not anchored to adjacent land
embankment anchored to adjacent land by tree roots above the valley
CORRECT - fence well back from top of embankment
Waterway with gentle slope
Waterway with broad, gentle slope
INCORRECT CORRECT
unprotected floodway protected floodway
main floodway protected
pastured floodplain
embankment fenced off and protected
channel area fenced off
34
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
The following maps show how riparian zones within the Orara Valley connect to well forested hill slopes and reserves. See where your property fits into the bigger picture on the following maps.
72752818
24568623
21840913
102814452 81
794099
4202855037
4110852337 4111
852337
21582871
22853824
2844859
31058606
67752818
1244921
6570614
78752818
8632975
211844797
9563716
81572425
212844797
90752834
66752818
22773960
423752817
4800835
125752817
OP14391
1717819
101814452
521539532
11568969
2574764
4578274
4244912
1574613793
246752834
281615218
1818111
1525178
2710140
3710140
1044655386
22803289
111814132
35752852
101831010
122730350
562832479
9250565
546802043 22
566142
21831054
5264571
245752834
12855685
20811472
4628586
55280210142
1052761
6588554
22703340
3800414
12702439 11
702439
40752852
3778373
101705525
56599730
57599730
1642579872
2286422610
63411110
800746
140752817
66752852
183752817
25752818
652802298
22877126
D367321
21882911
1641579872
1778373
6560766
23613559
2717819
1568089112
840491
4747644
2576239
9577608
6264571 2
578115
1177226
85600390
1124537
1572601 12
800362
110749892
32791211
1883939
12814142
60586574
12747021
121730350
11634111
130752817
2600989
2629727
168384118
1431828104
5847720
2848428
24713960
7860663
561832479
493876615
41870924
1814223
1012834262
112816131
10134880
221247724
321011703
3590263
50800733
21537097
4487092444
775171180
752817 248755536
844713578
4775226
101832720
821072681
102832720
20876412
1846984
1526830
1392092
232740659
21876412
911053564
22608281
22792034
1201342
101787179
3719723
12807354
2846984
40870924
6552979
43870924
48870924
252755536
2717056
38342447
83252672
69752852
51812046
21610078
181752817
47870924
1588579
61848932
12865963
2808212
236755536
1592020
1398473
11599140
A386951
102817117
46870924373
755536
5597090
2812086
3775226
346755536
231740659
11017014
1707489
301027786
32801315
322846750
81007418
118752834
293752834
41786368
53752818
213844797
22840913
6786352
11842065
92134800
10250565
4201855037
13855685
684248703
13713660
3624590
52836689
511831231
42786368
2632590
1129823
32629634
5122851870
76752834
632831955
259565723
615415
64752818
1011834262
27752818
75752834
222601871
83747280
2858934
322832055
321846750
236792236
51020570
2260041
1852479
121584548
23734768
10752852
22831054
11752852
1830559
19752852 7
243288
21792034
2835865
41020570
84600390
84752817
1190579
232612636
18752852
42804795
41752852
1611748204
12734740
PT65105702
51800733
41773579
223247724
431854892
193752817
121840420
8740444
241615543
41804795
320866499
45775171
2588579
245755536
21017014
18752818
11041740
42813590
26752818
381735542
1578115
102588859
2852479
13748189
51836859
37575028
19752818
434752817
382857538
1260041
73752834
34752818
38752818
22734768
23831054
OP02388
3619243
10806446
40735011
11806446
11875251
13752852 12
875251
52836859
65652277
17752852
811035831
3260041
121009774
20752852
1774470
11833054
432854892
77752817
2585192
21041740
384698528
752852
42870924
17752818
101057742
111057742
2021057876
11058606
11060904
21060904
521057754
531057754
7301066743
221063999
70121068986
121072965
111072965
811072681
151073513
221078308
21083920
1830959
11855003
321090175
701104413
11094249
41094249
3111116442
211116852
221116852
175752817
101817117
2111110659
21048676
690802823
301038443
10875251
6820679
5820679
2593102
22610078
51142686
OPCX0003
111071628
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Kilometers
Map conpiled by Coffs Harbour GIS Section ~ jxs
·1:4 0,0 00
STATE FORESTS
CATCHMENTS
URUMBILUM RIVER
BUCCA BUCCA CREEK ORARA RIVER
NATIONAL PARKS
RIVERS & STREAMS
RIPARIAN REGENERATION AREASEXISTING RIPARIAN REGEN PROPERTIESPLANNED RIPARIAN REGEN PROPERTIES
ORARA VALLEY RIVERCARE RIPARIAN VEGETATION PLANNING MAP
September 2009Legend
Urumbilum Reach
Wongiwomble Reach
Cochrans Reach
Poperaperan ReachHartleys Reach
Walgarah Ck. Reach
Island Loop Reach
ORARA RIVER PROPERTIES
URUMBILUM RIVER_PROPERTIES
REACHES
KARANGI CREEK PROPERTIES
POPERAPERAN CREEK PROPERTIES
Southern Orara Valley
35
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
The following maps show how riparian zones within the Orara Valley connect to well forested hill slopes and reserves. See where your property fits into the bigger picture on the following maps.
72752818
24568623
21840913
102814452 81
794099
4202855037
4110852337 4111
852337
21582871
22853824
2844859
31058606
67752818
1244921
6570614
78752818
8632975
211844797
9563716
81572425
212844797
90752834
66752818
22773960
423752817
4800835
125752817
OP14391
1717819
101814452
521539532
11568969
2574764
4578274
4244912
1574613793
246752834
281615218
1818111
1525178
2710140
3710140
1044655386
22803289
111814132
35752852
101831010
122730350
562832479
9250565
546802043 22
566142
21831054
5264571
245752834
12855685
20811472
4628586
55280210142
1052761
6588554
22703340
3800414
12702439 11
702439
40752852
3778373
101705525
56599730
57599730
1642579872
2286422610
63411110
800746
140752817
66752852
183752817
25752818
652802298
22877126
D367321
21882911
1641579872
1778373
6560766
23613559
2717819
1568089112
840491
4747644
2576239
9577608
6264571 2
578115
1177226
85600390
1124537
1572601 12
800362
110749892
32791211
1883939
12814142
60586574
12747021
121730350
11634111
130752817
2600989
2629727
168384118
1431828104
5847720
2848428
24713960
7860663
561832479
493876615
41870924
1814223
1012834262
112816131
10134880
221247724
321011703
3590263
50800733
21537097
4487092444
775171180
752817 248755536
844713578
4775226
101832720
821072681
102832720
20876412
1846984
1526830
1392092
232740659
21876412
911053564
22608281
22792034
1201342
101787179
3719723
12807354
2846984
40870924
6552979
43870924
48870924
252755536
2717056
38342447
83252672
69752852
51812046
21610078
181752817
47870924
1588579
61848932
12865963
2808212
236755536
1592020
1398473
11599140
A386951
102817117
46870924373
755536
5597090
2812086
3775226
346755536
231740659
11017014
1707489
301027786
32801315
322846750
81007418
118752834
293752834
41786368
53752818
213844797
22840913
6786352
11842065
92134800
10250565
4201855037
13855685
684248703
13713660
3624590
52836689
511831231
42786368
2632590
1129823
32629634
5122851870
76752834
632831955
259565723
615415
64752818
1011834262
27752818
75752834
222601871
83747280
2858934
322832055
321846750
236792236
51020570
2260041
1852479
121584548
23734768
10752852
22831054
11752852
1830559
19752852 7
243288
21792034
2835865
41020570
84600390
84752817
1190579
232612636
18752852
42804795
41752852
1611748204
12734740
PT65105702
51800733
41773579
223247724
431854892
193752817
121840420
8740444
241615543
41804795
320866499
45775171
2588579
245755536
21017014
18752818
11041740
42813590
26752818
381735542
1578115
102588859
2852479
13748189
51836859
37575028
19752818
434752817
382857538
1260041
73752834
34752818
38752818
22734768
23831054
OP02388
3619243
10806446
40735011
11806446
11875251
13752852 12
875251
52836859
65652277
17752852
811035831
3260041
121009774
20752852
1774470
11833054
432854892
77752817
2585192
21041740
384698528
752852
42870924
17752818
101057742
111057742
2021057876
11058606
11060904
21060904
521057754
531057754
7301066743
221063999
70121068986
121072965
111072965
811072681
151073513
221078308
21083920
1830959
11855003
321090175
701104413
11094249
41094249
3111116442
211116852
221116852
175752817
101817117
2111110659
21048676
690802823
301038443
10875251
6820679
5820679
2593102
22610078
51142686
OPCX0003
111071628
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Kilometers
Map conpiled by Coffs Harbour GIS Section ~ jxs
·1:4 0,0 00
STATE FORESTS
CATCHMENTS
URUMBILUM RIVER
BUCCA BUCCA CREEK ORARA RIVER
NATIONAL PARKS
RIVERS & STREAMS
RIPARIAN REGENERATION AREASEXISTING RIPARIAN REGEN PROPERTIESPLANNED RIPARIAN REGEN PROPERTIES
ORARA VALLEY RIVERCARE RIPARIAN VEGETATION PLANNING MAP
September 2009Legend
Urumbilum Reach
Wongiwomble Reach
Cochrans Reach
Poperaperan ReachHartleys Reach
Walgarah Ck. Reach
Island Loop Reach
ORARA RIVER PROPERTIES
URUMBILUM RIVER_PROPERTIES
REACHES
KARANGI CREEK PROPERTIES
POPERAPERAN CREEK PROPERTIES
36
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
534
2551
68
1672
9485
5258
5632
3326
2732
3426
2732
786
5856
31
9474
8669
1058
1871
2211
7716
9648
7528
37
133
7528
08
214
2596
40
4173
1790
9675
2808
785
5974
18
487
3334
3775
2808
4162
8650
370
6183
158
7528
34
102
8183
48
170
3835
184
0635
8613
4693
260
5625
187
0877
1001
8124
86
287
0877
9262
0516
4462
6840
479
1126 5
7911
26
5675
2837
7426
4306
722
7710
412
6311
91
278
7538
578
5047
215
2596
40
5177
3391
7275
2818
2675
2808
844
7312
76
287
3334
9575
2808
4060
5090
863
3604
3975
2808
463
0101
2163
4842
1254
1004
774
380
7039
75
6170
6547
182
5947
51
370
3429
102
7309
10
4178
6242
1010
7120
341
6330
47
363
0757
159
7528
34
4013
4684
378
9995
379
4145
7713
4707
8263
2923
6375
2808
136
8171
77
3210
4870
0
488
2955
132
5998
139
8490
1381
7189
121
8417
94 312
8118
65
1173
5715
557
1279
157
1281
102
7106
98
2775
2808
1675
2837
8375
2837
1273
5715
812
8626
82
272
7528
34
364
6038
74
9613
4712
310
5860
6
6775
2818
657
0614
7875
2818
211
8447
9781
5724
25
354
6171
56
284
0635
1162
4823
326
3635
278
9995
160
0430
322
3932
246
7528
34
161
5386
721
7710
41
7526
4306
7126
4306
521
8373
55
6975
2818
811
8626
82
1270
2439
1170
2439
5659
9730
114
7528
08
105
7339
83
104
7339
83
4260
2643
106
7339
83
178
8815
210
1909
0
188
2955
580
5847
478
7538
4275
2837
8378
9243
778
6566
787
1324
4126
0303
199
7528
34 221
7197
20
115
7528
083526
2732
181
5947
51
2072
9485
4273
1790
6010
0693
661
1006
936
284
4089
180
7528
34
183
5947
51
6042
356
174
7528
3420
075
2834
PT91
7528
08
206
7528
34
5480
6137
310
1728
5
6075
2808
171
7528
34
3575
2837
288
2955
200
8288
96
2566
1484
3275
2837
206
2639
86
4160
5090
104
7390
09
7086
7113
4063
1061
207
8288
96
5575
2834
388
2955
131
8016
78
810
0741
841
7863
68
1214
6350
13
333
1053
736
894
5944
09
257
7970
132
7528
08
1110
3367
5
135
8171
77
5283
6689
511
8312
312
1017
014
110
1592
5
3210
3476
8
201
7528
34
260
0430
2525
0363
326
0966
126
0966
1000
7778
81
3757
5028
382
8575
38
210
1728
5
1572
9485
6110
5530
6
6210
5530
6
4010
6183
8
210
6231
3
210
6650
9
110
6650
9
1110
7120
3
210
7077
1
110
7077
1
2210
7830
8
259
3831
100
1081
299
100
1081
299
110
8978
0
210
8978
0
524
7063
46
310
9344
8
111
1115
092
377
3599
387
3334
8875
2834
201
1116
432
1958
1121
420
1957
1121
420
463
0757
272
7528
34
3010
3844
3
8775
2808
100
1347
47
110
1728
5
2182
7298
1251
1135
040
OPCX
0003
Nth
Nan
a G
len
Rea
ch
Pope
rape
ran
Rea
ch
Har
tleys
Rea
ch
Sth
Nan
a G
len
Rea
ch
Bucc
a C
reek
Rea
ch
NPW
S
00.
51
1.5
22.
5
Kilo
met
ers
Map
con
pile
d by
Cof
fs H
arbo
ur G
IS S
ectio
n ~
jxs
· 1:40,000CA
TCHM
ENTS
OR
AR
A VA
LLEY
RIV
ERC
AR
E
RIP
AR
IAN
VEG
ETAT
ION
PLA
NN
ING
MA
PSe
ptem
ber 2
009
Lege
nd
OR
AR
A R
IVE
R P
RO
PE
RTI
ES
PLA
NN
ED
RIP
AR
IAN
RE
GE
N P
RO
PE
RTI
ES
POPE
RA
PE
RA
N C
RE
EK
PR
OP
ER
TIE
S
RE
AC
HES
EXIS
TIN
G R
IPA
RIA
N R
EG
EN
PR
OP
ER
TIE
SR
IPA
RIA
N R
EG
ENE
RA
TIO
N A
RE
AS
RIV
ER
S &
STR
EA
MS
NA
TIO
NA
L PA
RK
SST
ATE
FO
RE
STS
OR
AR
A R
IVE
R
BU
CC
A B
UC
CA
CR
EE
K
UR
UM
BIL
UM
RIV
ER
BU
CC
A C
RE
EK
PR
OPE
RTI
ES
NA
NA
CR
EE
K P
RO
PE
RT
IES
Nan
a C
reek
Rea
ch
The
Jung
le R
each
Northern Orara Valley
37
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
534
2551
68
1672
9485
5258
5632
3326
2732
3426
2732
786
5856
31
9474
8669
1058
1871
2211
7716
9648
7528
37
133
7528
08
214
2596
40
4173
1790
9675
2808
785
5974
18
487
3334
3775
2808
4162
8650
370
6183
158
7528
34
102
8183
48
170
3835
184
0635
8613
4693
260
5625
187
0877
1001
8124
86
287
0877
9262
0516
4462
6840
479
1126 5
7911
26
5675
2837
7426
4306
722
7710
412
6311
91
278
7538
578
5047
215
2596
40
5177
3391
7275
2818
2675
2808
844
7312
76
287
3334
9575
2808
4060
5090
863
3604
3975
2808
463
0101
2163
4842
1254
1004
774
380
7039
75
6170
6547
182
5947
51
370
3429
102
7309
10
4178
6242
1010
7120
341
6330
47
363
0757
159
7528
34
4013
4684
378
9995
379
4145
7713
4707
8263
2923
6375
2808
136
8171
77
3210
4870
0
488
2955
132
5998
139
8490
1381
7189
121
8417
94 312
8118
65
1173
5715
557
1279
157
1281
102
7106
98
2775
2808
1675
2837
8375
2837
1273
5715
812
8626
82
272
7528
34
364
6038
74
9613
4712
310
5860
6
6775
2818
657
0614
7875
2818
211
8447
9781
5724
25
354
6171
56
284
0635
1162
4823
326
3635
278
9995
160
0430
322
3932
246
7528
34
161
5386
721
7710
41
7526
4306
7126
4306
521
8373
55
6975
2818
811
8626
82
1270
2439
1170
2439
5659
9730
114
7528
08
105
7339
83
104
7339
83
4260
2643
106
7339
83
178
8815
210
1909
0
188
2955
580
5847
478
7538
4275
2837
8378
9243
778
6566
787
1324
4126
0303
199
7528
34 221
7197
20
115
7528
083526
2732
181
5947
51
2072
9485
4273
1790
6010
0693
661
1006
936
284
4089
180
7528
34
183
5947
51
6042
356
174
7528
3420
075
2834
PT91
7528
08
206
7528
34
5480
6137
310
1728
5
6075
2808
171
7528
34
3575
2837
288
2955
200
8288
96
2566
1484
3275
2837
206
2639
86
4160
5090
104
7390
09
7086
7113
4063
1061
207
8288
96
5575
2834
388
2955
131
8016
78
810
0741
841
7863
68
1214
6350
13
333
1053
736
894
5944
09
257
7970
132
7528
08
1110
3367
5
135
8171
77
5283
6689
511
8312
312
1017
014
110
1592
5
3210
3476
8
201
7528
34
260
0430
2525
0363
326
0966
126
0966
1000
7778
81
3757
5028
382
8575
38
210
1728
5
1572
9485
6110
5530
6
6210
5530
6
4010
6183
8
210
6231
3
210
6650
9
110
6650
9
1110
7120
3
210
7077
1
110
7077
1
2210
7830
8
259
3831
100
1081
299
100
1081
299
110
8978
0
210
8978
0
524
7063
46
310
9344
8
111
1115
092
377
3599
387
3334
8875
2834
201
1116
432
1958
1121
420
1957
1121
420
463
0757
272
7528
34
3010
3844
3
8775
2808
100
1347
47
110
1728
5
2182
7298
1251
1135
040
OPCX
0003
Nth
Nan
a G
len
Rea
ch
Pope
rape
ran
Rea
ch
Har
tleys
Rea
ch
Sth
Nan
a G
len
Rea
ch
Bucc
a C
reek
Rea
ch
NPW
S
00.
51
1.5
22.
5
Kilo
met
ers
Map
con
pile
d by
Cof
fs H
arbo
ur G
IS S
ectio
n ~
jxs
· 1:40,000CA
TCHM
ENTS
OR
AR
A VA
LLEY
RIV
ERC
AR
E
RIP
AR
IAN
VEG
ETAT
ION
PLA
NN
ING
MA
PSe
ptem
ber 2
009
Lege
nd
OR
AR
A R
IVE
R P
RO
PE
RTI
ES
PLA
NN
ED
RIP
AR
IAN
RE
GE
N P
RO
PE
RTI
ES
POPE
RA
PE
RA
N C
RE
EK
PR
OP
ER
TIE
S
RE
AC
HES
EXIS
TIN
G R
IPA
RIA
N R
EG
EN
PR
OP
ER
TIE
SR
IPA
RIA
N R
EG
ENE
RA
TIO
N A
RE
AS
RIV
ER
S &
STR
EA
MS
NA
TIO
NA
L PA
RK
SST
ATE
FO
RE
STS
OR
AR
A R
IVE
R
BU
CC
A B
UC
CA
CR
EE
K
UR
UM
BIL
UM
RIV
ER
BU
CC
A C
RE
EK
PR
OPE
RTI
ES
NA
NA
CR
EE
K P
RO
PE
RT
IES
Nan
a C
reek
Rea
ch
The
Jung
le R
each
38
Orara River Rehabilitation Project Landholder Booklet
WHERE TO GET ASSISTANCE
LOCAL LANDCARE GROUPS
f Cochrans Pool Urumbilum RiverCare Group Doug Hoschke ph 6653 8372
f Karangi LandCare Group Ron Smith ph 6653 8249
f Nana Glen LandCare Group Peter Franklin ph 6654 3452
ORARA RIVER REHABILITATION PROJECT
f Orara River Rehabilitation Project Officer, ph 6648 4000
REGIONAL LANDCARE
f Coffs Harbour Regional LandCare, ph 6651 1308
NORTHERN RIVERS CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
f Coffs Harbour, ph 6653 0150
f Grafton, ph 6642 0622
NSW OFFICE OF WATER (RE FARM DAMS & RIPARIAN zONE WORK PERMITS)
f Grafton, ph 6641 6500
NSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
f Coffs Harbour ph 6650 3111
f Grafton ph 6640 1600
LIVESTOCK HEALTH & PEST AUTHORITY
f Grafton, ph 6642 3699
ORARA RIVER REHABILITATION PROJECT LANDHOLDER BOOKLET
ORARA VALLEY RIVERCARE GROUPS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE INC
Cats Claw Creeper covering native trees
Junction of the Orara and Urumbilum Rivers in the 1990’s
Native Bangalow regenerating