Download - Organic Molecules for Physiology
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Organic Molecules for Physiology
The main groups of organic molecules we will be covering include the:
1 Carbohydrates
2 Lipids
3 Proteins and
4 Nucleic Acids
This is only a small portion of all organic molecules.
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Organic Molecules
Contain carbon and hydrogen
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Some Organic Groups We Will Use
-CH3 methyl group
-COH aldehyde group
-COOH carboxyl group or organic acid
H O H
H-C-C-C-H ketone
H H
H
-C-H
H
H
-C=O
O
-C-O-H
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Inorganic Molecules
All the molecules that are not organic
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Inorganic Groups We Will Use
-OH alcohol
-PO4= phosphate
-NH2 amino or amine
H+ proton or hydrogen ionOH- hydroxyl ion
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Organic molecules in physiology
• Name elements ratios
• Carbohydrates C,H,O H:O is 2:1
• Lipids C,H,O H:O is many:1
• Proteins C,H,O,N
• Nucleic Acids C,H,O,N,P
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Metabolismall the reactions in the body
• Reactions that build up• Anabolism• examples include• glycogenesis - combining
glucose units to make glycogen
• building fats• protein synthesis• DNA replication
• Reactions that tear down• Catabolism• examples include• glycogenolysis - splitting
glucose molecules off of a glycogen molecule
• glycolysis - spitting a glucose into two molecules
• burning fats
Vocabulary builder genesis - creation of lysis - splitting of
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Metabolism
• Anabolism• uses dehydration synthesis
to join molecules• remove a H from one
molecule and an OH from another
• form water, H2O
• the other molecules join where the water left to form one molecule
• Catabolism • uses hydrolysis to separate
molecules
• separate a water, H2O into H and OH
• add the H to an oxygen in one molecule
• add the OH to a carbon in the molecule, separating the molecule into two molecules
Hydro - water
lysis - splitting
Dehydration - remove water
synthesis - put together
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Carbohydrates • Sugars and starches
• basic building block is the
• monosaccharide - one sugar - C6H12O6
– glucose, galactose, fructose
• isomers - same molecular formula, different structural formulas
H
H-C-OH
H C OHO OH C C H H C C HO H HO H
H
H-C-OH
H C OH OH C C HO H C C HO H HO H
H H
H C OH O H C OH
H C C OH
H C C H
HO OH
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Carbohydrates
• Disaccharide - two sugars• formed by dehydration synthesis• glucose + fructose sucrose + water
table sugar
• glucose +galactose lactose + water milk sugar
• glucose + glucose maltose + water malt sugar
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Carbohydrates• Polysaccharide - glycogen
• many glucose units in a branching pattern
• liver and skeletal muscle are good sources
• hormone insulin stimulates glycogen production (glycogenesis)
• hormone glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
• glycogen is found in animal cells as an inclusion
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Carbohydrates
• Starches are complex carbohydrates, often two polysaccharide chains
• plants make starches, including the indigestible cellulose
• examples - wheat, rice, corn, potato, cassava, rye, barley
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Lipidsnot water soluble, oxygen poor molecules
• Waxes • Fats• Steroids• Phospholipids• Glycolipids• Lipoproteins • Eicosanoids
• Candles, honeycomb• butter, lard• cholesterol,sex hormones, Vit D• cell membranes • cell membranes • HDLs and LDLs, lipid transport• prostaglandins, leukotrienes
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Lipids - fats
• Neutral Fats• triglyceride• glycer - 3 carbons• glycerol - 3 carbon alcohol• tri - three fatty acids• fatty - chain of carbons and
hydrogens• acid - organic acid, the
carboxyl group
• In combined form, not acidic• usual form of neutral fat• H H H
H - C - C - C - H . OH OH OH
• H H H H H H H H - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - . H H H H H H H
• O C - OH
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Lipids - fats• One glycerol
• dehydration synthesis with one fatty acid forms a
• monoglyceride
• dehydration synthesis with a second fatty acid
• diglyceride
• dehydration synthesis with a third fatty acid
• triglyceride
• three water molecules are produced
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Lipids - fats• Saturated fats• produced by animals and
some tropical plants• contains no carbon-
carbon double bonds• carbon bonds are
saturated with hydrogens
• Unsaturated fats• produced by animals and
plants• contains carbon-carbon
double bonds• carbon bonds are not
saturated with hydrogens
• polyunsaturated
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
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Lipids - steroids
• Basic building block - cholesterol
• examples are:
• vitamin D
• sex hormones - testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
• glucocorticoids - hydroxycortisone
• mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
Outline of a steroid molecule
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Lipids - phospholipids
• One glycerol
• two fatty acids• one phospho group - phosphate, may have amino groups
• fatty acids are hydrophobic - water fearing
• phospho end is hydrophilic - water loving
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Lipids - phospholipids• Cells are wet inside and outside
• phospho end will face the water
• lipid ends will face each other
• phospholipid bilayer is formed
• water water
• outside cell inside cell• phospho fatty acids
• hydrophilic hydrophobic
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Lipids - glycolipids
• Like phospholipids with a carbohydrate in place of the phospho group
• carbohydrate end of the glycolipids are usually found on the outer surface of a cell membrane
carbohydrate glycerol two fatty acids
• outside of cell inside of cell
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Lipids - lipoproteins
• HDL high density lipoproteins
• LDL low density lipoproteins
• mobilizes fats
• deposits fats
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Proteins - C, H, O, N
• The basic building block of a protein is the amino acid.
• Many amino acid molecules link together to form a polypetide.
• A very large polypeptide is a protein.
• The structure may be relatively simple for a small polypeptide, but quite complex for a large protein.
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Amino Acids
The basic building block of a protein is the amino acid
There are four main parts in an amino acid
1 a central carbon atom
2 the amine or amino group -NH2
3 the carboxyl or organic acid group -COOH
4 an R group that is different for each of the . . twenty amino acids
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Amino Acids
• All amino acids follow this basic plan
• The R groups can be polar or nonpolar, charged, or neutral. One amino acid, cystine, contains sulfur and can form a bond, the disulfide bridge.
H H O
N - C - C-O-H
H H-C-H
H
Central carbon
Carboxyl group
R group
Radical or “rest of the molecule”
Amino group
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Proteins
Two amino acids can form a peptide bond by dehydration synthesis.
H H O H H O H H O H O
N-C-C-O-H +N-C-C-O-H N-C-C-O-N-C-C-O-H
H H H H H H H H
H-O
+ H
amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + water
Peptide Bond
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Proteins
• Many amino acids joined in a chain will form a polypeptide.
• The sequence of the 20 amino acids in the polypeptide chain is called the primary structure of a protein.
• This sequence or primary structure will determine the shape and characteristics of the final protein.
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Proteins The primary structure will determine the twists
(ex. alpha helix) and folds (ex. pleated sheets) that are the secondary structure
of a protein.
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Proteins• The polypeptide, unless it is very small, will
also fold and twist the secondary structure for another level of complexity. You might imagine a toy slinky being the secondary structure of a protein, and the slinky being tied in a knot as the tertiary structure of that protein.
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Proteins• The tertiary structure of a protein gives it a unique
shape and function.
• Some proteins are even more complex, and are made of two polypeptides that are twisted and folded together.
• This is the quaternary structure of a protein.
• Hemoglobin is a good example of this kind of protein with an alpha polypeptide and a beta polypeptide folded together
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Proteins
• Proteins are produced by structures called ribosomes in our cells by a process called protein synthesis.
• If you change the shape of a protein, you usually change its’ function.
• These proteins may be structural proteins, enzymes or hormones to name a few of their uses.
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Nucleic Acids• Deoxyribonucleic Acid• Ribonucleic Acid• Adenosine Triphosphate• Adenosine Diphosphate• Cyclic Adenosine
Monophosphate• Nicotinomide Adenine
Dinucleotide• Flavoprotein version of NAD
• DNA• RNA• ATP• ADP• C-AMP
• NAD
• FAD
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Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P
• Nucleotide
• one phosphate group• one sugar • one nitrogen base
• Basic building block of the nucleic acid
• 5 C or pentose sugar
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Nucleic Acids
phosphate group connects the sugar molecules in the “backbone” of the molecule
Deoxyribose or Ribose sugar (5 C pentose)
nitrogen baseDNA 4 types
RNA 4 types
makes DNA or RNA
DNA - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA - adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
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. Three hydrogen bonds .
Nucleotides - bases
. Two hydrogen bonds .
• Purines - larger• adenine • guanine
• Pyrimidines - smaller• thymine - uracil• cytosine
A
G
T
C
U
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Deoxyribonucleic Aciddouble helix
Sugar phosphate backbone
Two stranded or double helix
Nitrogen bases
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DNA RNA
• Double strand• helix• thymine• much larger than RNA• in nucleus and
mitochondria• genetic material of the
cell
• Single strand• various shapes• uracil• smaller than DNA• made in nucleus (nucleolus)
functions in cytoplasm• used in protein synthesis
– r-RNA (ribosomal)
– t-RNA (transfer)
– m-RNA (messenger)
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High energy phosphate bonds
• ATP - triphosphate• ADP - diphosphate
• High energy molecule• lower energy molecule
adenine
Ribose sugar
P P
Phosphate groups
High energy phosphate bonds
P P energy released from
. phosphate bond and . . used in reactions like . . protein synthesis
Left arrow once to repeat energy release
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c-AMP
• AMP - monophosphate • Second messenger in cell membranes
• changes shape in response to an enzyme adenine
Ribose sugar
P