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Organization and Structure
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Structure is the arrangement of details in a work of literature. (How
the supporting information is organized)
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Identifying structure is important because it
can help you determine an author’s purpose for writing.
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Purpose
• To entertain
• To explain (informational)
• To persuade
• To describe
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To Entertain
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To Persuade
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Literature is classified as either fiction or nonfiction.
Fiction – Short-stories, poems, novels, plays
Non-fiction – Feature Articles, editorials, letters,
speeches, memoirs, or
(auto) biography
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Organization of Fiction
Fiction is arranged in chronological order – the order of time. (as on a timeline)
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Chronological order -
Flash backs and flash forwards are considered
part of this type of arrangement.
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Fiction writers use dates, time references, and can use time order transitions to show when events happen! Examples of time transitions:
After At length Before Currently
During Eventually First Second, etc.
Finally Immediately Meanwhile Next
Then Later Soon today
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Example of chronological arrangement
Dogs were the first animals to be domesticated, probably as far back
as thirteen thousand years ago. Two or three thousand years passed
before humans began to domesticate sheep, goats, and pigs. Later,
farmers raised cattle for food and milk.
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Organization of Nonfiction
Nonfiction (true or real world writing) can also be arranged chronologically,
but it can have other forms of organization as well.
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Organization of Non-fiction:
# 1 - Cause And Effect
what happened and why
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Example of cause and effect arrangement of non-fiction
In 1988 an earthquake hit San Francisco. Buildings rocked on
their foundations and some collapsed. Gas mains ruptured causing fires to break out in the
city. Telephone and electric service was cut off, and a large number of
people were killed.
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Organization of Non-fiction
# 2 Compare and Contrast
How two or more people, places, or things are the
same or different.
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Example of compare and contrast arrangement
Hurricanes cause more widespread destruction than tornadoes. The wind
speeds in a hurricane are usually slower than those in a tornado. However,
hurricanes can last for hours or days and may be very wide, but tornadoes last for a short time and cover only a
narrow path.
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Organization of Non-fiction
#3 Hierarchy
Arranged by the rank or order of importance, size, or difficulty from
least to greatest
(typical transition words: more importantly, still harder, even more
damaging, worse yet, etc…)
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Example of hierarchal arrangement of non-fiction
There have been a number of disasters that are memorable for the devastation
they caused. The San Francisco Earthquake claimed a number of lives. Worse than that was the collapse of the World Trade Towers, but the disaster
that has been the worst in recent memory is the tsunami that claimed millions of
lives on December 26th.
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Organization of Non-fiction
#4 PROCESS ANALYSIS
How-to descriptions (These are also considered
chronological)
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Example of process (how to) arrangement of non-fiction.
When baking cookies it is best to beat the butter and sugar together first.
Then add the eggs and beat again. The next step is to stir in the flour mixture
and chocolate chips. The final step is to drop teaspoons full of the mixture onto
a cookie sheet and bake.
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Organization of Non-fiction.
#5 SPATIAL ORDER
Items are described according to their
physical positions (up and down, side to side)
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Example of spatial order arrangement of non-fiction:
You probably know where Australia is, but some of its neighbors may be less
familiar. New Zealand is a pair of islands across the Tasman Sea,
southeast of Australia. New Guinea is just to the north of the eastern end of
the small continent, and New Caledonia is due east.
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Organization of Non-fiction
#6 Logical
Arranged according to types
or traits
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Example of Logical organization
Disasters can be classified into different categories. Natural disasters include things like earthquakes, tsunamis, and
hurricanes. Man-made disasters can include terrorist attacks, wars, or explosions.
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Quick review:
Fiction is typically arranged in chronological order.
Non-fiction can be arranged in a number of ways such as:
chronological, spatial, compare and contrast, hierarchy, cause and
effect, process, or logical.
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The End!!!!!