![Page 1: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecology II
1
![Page 2: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Term Definition
Limiting
factors
A condition limiting the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or population in an ecosystem.
Pelagic Greek for open sea, surface of the sea almost to the bottom.
Littoral Part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore.
NeriticThe relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately 200m in depth generally corresponding to the continental shelf.
AbyssalPortion of the ocean t 2,000 m (6,600 feet) to 6,000 m (20,000 feet) stays in total darkness.
BenthicThe ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers.
SessileAn organism anchored to a substrate, thus cannot move about freely.
Motile An organism which is free swimming.
2
![Page 3: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Term Definition
Euphotic
zone
”Sunlight," zone — 0 to 200 m deep. “Photic” means particle of light, “eu” means pleasant, well, good — good light.
Dysphotic
zone
“Twilight” zone — 200 to 1,00 m deep, light looks like twilight. “Photic” means particle of light, “dys” means difficult — difficult light.
Aphotic
zone
“Midnight,” zone — below 1,000 meters, total darkness. Photic means particle of light, “a” means away — away from light or darkness.
Atmospher
es
A unit of pressure based on the average atmospheric pressure at sea level. The weight of air experts pressure on your body — about 14.7 psi (pounds per a square inch).
Estuary Where ocean’s salt water & river’s fresh water intermingle (mix).
Adapted Adjusted to conditions
3
![Page 4: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The limiting factors in water biomes are:•Amount of salt (salinity)
•Amount of dissolved (available to use) oxygen
•Sunlight
![Page 5: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
•Saltwater1. Ocean (marine)
2. Seashores (intertidal areas)
3. Estuaries
•Freshwater1. Rivers and Streams
2. Lakes and Ponds
![Page 6: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
About 95 percent of Earth’s water has a high concentration of salt called high salinity.
![Page 7: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
![Page 9: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1. Temperature range is avg. 4°C, with range of -2°C to 28°C in most cases
2. Location (s): world-wide
3. Light penetration is between 200m (656 ft)—1,000m (3,280 ft), but rarely any significant light beyond 200m
4. Average depth is 3,720 m (12,200 ft).
• Deepest point: 11,033 m (36,198 ft) in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific. That’s 6.8 miles.
5. Life features:
A.can move freely: motile
B. attached to or crawl on floor: sessile
9
![Page 10: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Ocean’s floor is not flat
• Has mountains, hills, valleys and gorges similar to land masses.
• Terms are different: volcanic island arcs, abyss, guyot, mid-ocean ridges, continental slope, trenches.
10
![Page 11: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
We now
know life
fills every
part of an
ocean.
11
![Page 12: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Two kinds of zones
• Distance from land1. Pelagic
• Nertic2. Oceanic3. Benthic
(bottom)
• Depth & light1. Euphotic2. Disphotic3. Aphotic
![Page 13: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
a) Littoral zone includes: intertidal zone
b) Neritic zone includes: first 200 meters (656 feet) of ocean water
13
![Page 14: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1. Where land and sea meet
2. Covered with water at high tide
3. Exposed to air at low tide
4. Can be A. Rocky
B. Sandy
C. Mudflats
5. Two high/low tides a day
6. Tide change every 6 hours and 12.5 minutes
7. Organisms must withstand force of waves
14
![Page 15: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
![Page 16: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
![Page 17: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/columbia-river-estuary
![Page 18: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
![Page 20: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
• Splash zone
• High tide zone
• Mid-tide zone
• Low tide zone
Mid-Tide
Low Tide
High Tide
![Page 21: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
• During low tidepools capture and hold seawater.
• Seaweeds
• Black chiton
• Goose neck barnacles
• Acorn barnacles
• Limpets
Black chiton
Goose neck barnacles
Limpets
Acorn barnacles
Seaweeds
Seaweeds
![Page 22: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
![Page 24: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
![Page 25: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
a) Abyssal is the deepest part of the ocean, depths of 2,000 to 4,000 meters (6,560 to 19,680 feet)
b) Stays in perpetual darkness
c) High pressure: 200 atmospheres (200x normal)
d)Mariana Trench is deeper than Mt. Everest is tall! It is about 10,000 meters (6.8 miles) deep.
e) Special adaptations include:
i. fish are small,
ii. soft bodies and small bones
iii.tend to have big mouths, long teeth, and stretchable stomachs
25
![Page 26: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
The ocean is divided up into three vertical light zones.
1. Top layer: euphotic zone — area where light can penetrate.
2. Middle layer: disphotic zone where it is too deep for lots of light to reach.
3. Bottom layer: aphotic zone, or deep sea — very cold, completely dark, low nutritional content.
• Largest (80 percent) habitat on earth —aphotic zone
![Page 27: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Phytoplankton, zooplankton
Bacteria (Chemosynthesis)
Seaweed Algae
Sharks, rays, skates Shrimp, crabs, lobsters
Whales, dolphins, seals Mussels, clams, oysters, chitons, octopi,
Sunfish, tuna, rock fish, swordfish, angel fish
Anemones, jellyfish, coral, sea squirts,
Producers
Consumers
![Page 28: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1. New communities found in ocean's abyssal zone (3,000 m) in 1977.
2. Living around deep ocean or hydrothermal ventsA. Use chemicals from vents instead of sunlight for
energy source
B. This process of converting energy is called Chemosynthesis.
C. This area high in economic value because of high mineral content.
D. Temperatures range: freezing to 400 °C
3. Deep, cold water coral “forests”A. Found at depths of 60-3,050 meters
28
![Page 29: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Bill Nye Science Guy 100 Greatest Discoveries: Deep Ocean Vents —5:30 min.
• Marum: Hydrothermal vents in the deep sea — 7:25 min.
• Smithsonian Hydrothermal Vent Organisms
• David Attenborough on Hydrothermal Vents — 2 min.
• Deep Water Coral — 2 min.
• Atlantic Oceans’ 'Coral Forests' NOAA sub — 7:15 min.
29
![Page 30: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Most productive on earth, creating more organic matter each year than the same sized forest or grassland.
• Nutrient levels are higher than both salt and freshwater.
• Many types of habitats surround or are a part of estuaries.
• They act as nursery for many marine organisms.
30
![Page 32: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
323:30 min.
![Page 33: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
![Page 34: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Three percent of Earth’s water is fresh found in glaciers and ice, below the ground, or in rivers and lakes.
![Page 35: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• The faster a stream flows the greater the amount of dissolved oxygen in it.
• Faster water moves over rocks “catching” air
• Faster water flows = more oxygen
![Page 36: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fishes living in streams are adapted to fast moving water.
http://www.manitoupontoonboats.com/blog/salmon-resources/
![Page 37: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
•Water moves slower in a river and debris settles on the bottom.
• So rivers tend to have more nutrients and less dissolved oxygen.
•Nutrients go up and O2 goes down
Columbia River West of The Dalles
2,000 km (1,243 miles) long.
![Page 38: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Salmon River East of Sandy, OR @ Wildwood Park
![Page 39: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Small, shallow bodies of water
• Sunlight penetrates all the way to the bottom
•Most completely filled with plant material
•Very high amount of nutrients
Pond in basalt crater @ Diamond Craters, in SE Oregon
![Page 40: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pond along
Hwy 224
@ Caver, Oregon
![Page 41: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
•Larger and deeper than ponds
• Plant growth is limited to the shoreline
• Sunlight does notpenetrate to the bottom = no plants after a certain depth.
Crescent Lake, Central Oregon Cascades
![Page 42: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Crescent Lake, Central Oregon Cascades
![Page 43: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
•Plankton are microscopic drifting organisms in aquatic environments, including marine& fresh water.
•They need sunlightto survive.
![Page 44: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Phytoplankton are important producers in water biomes.
• They are microscopic plants forming the base of aquatic food webs.
![Page 45: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
• Zooplankton are small protists or metazoans (e.g. crustaceans and other animals) that feed on the phytoplankton.
• Larval stages of larger animals, such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids (worms) are included here.
• Zooplankton are in turn consumed by small fishes.
![Page 46: Origin and Distributions of Aquatic Biomes and Communities](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052508/5593afd91a28aba2078b45b0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46