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Osmolar Gap
is it worth bothering?
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap Anion Gap
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap Anion Gap
• Gastrointestinal•diarrhoea•iliostomy•uretosigmoidostomy
• Renal•Acetazolamide•Renal Tubular Acidosis•Hyperparathyriodism•Hypoaldersteronism
Loss of high SID fluid
• Normal Saline
Addition of low SID fluid
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap Anion Gap
• Gastrointestinal•diarrhoea•iliostomy•uretosigmoidostomy
• Renal•Acetazolamide•Renal Tubular Acidosis•Hyperparathyriodism•Hypoaldersteronism
Loss of high SID fluid
• Normal Saline
Addition of low SID fluid
Relative Hyperchloraemia
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap Anion Gap
• Gastrointestinal•diarrhoea•iliostomy•uretosigmoidostomy
• Renal•Acetazolamide•Renal Tubular Acidosis•Hyperparathyriodism•Hypoaldersteronism
Loss of high SID fluid
• Normal Saline
Addition of low SID fluid
Relative Hyperchloraemia
• Lactic Acidosis•Type A - increased production•Type B - decreased hepatic metabolism
•insulin deficiency•metformin•Haem malignancies•rare enzyme defects
•D-lactate - bowel fermentation
• Ketoacids•DKA•Starvation
• Exogenous Acid•Salicilate•Methanol•Ethanol Glycol
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap
• Lactic Acidosis•Type A - increased production•Type B - decreased hepatic metabolism
•insulin deficiency•metformin•Haem malignancies•rare enzyme defects
•D-lactate - bowel fermentation
• Ketoacids•DKA•Starvation
• Exogenous Acid•Salicilate•Methanol•Ethanol Glycol
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap
• Lactic Acidosis•Type A - increased production•Type B - decreased hepatic metabolism
•insulin deficiency•metformin•Haem malignancies•rare enzyme defects
•D-lactate - bowel fermentation
• Ketoacids•DKA•Starvation
• Exogenous Acid•Salicilate
•Methanol•Ethanol Glycol
Osmolar GapOsmolar Gap
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Not Such a Good Time
Ethelene Glycol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Methanol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Not Such a Good Time
• blurred vision or changes in colour perception
• hypotension and cardiac arrest
• permanent blindness
• seizures, coma & death
Ethelene Glycol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Methanol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Not Such a Good Time
• blurred vision or changes in colour perception
• hypotension and cardiac arrest
• permanent blindness
• seizures, coma & death
• hypertension
• ARDS
• acute tubular necrosis and renal failure - probably due to calcium oxalate deposition
Ethelene Glycol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Methanol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Not Such a Good Time
Tax Evasion is a Crime !
• blurred vision or changes in colour perception
• hypotension and cardiac arrest
• permanent blindness
• seizures, coma & death
• hypertension
• ARDS
• acute tubular necrosis and renal failure - probably due to calcium oxalate deposition
Ethelene Glycol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Methanol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Not Such a Good Time
Tax Evasion is a Crime !
Ethanol
• blurred vision or changes in colour perception
• hypotension and cardiac arrest
• permanent blindness
• seizures, coma & death
• hypertension
• ARDS
• acute tubular necrosis and renal failure - probably due to calcium oxalate deposition
Ethelene Glycol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Methanol• drowsiness, confusion & ataxia
• nausea, vomiting & abdominal pain
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Acidosis?
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Acidosis?
EthanolMethanol Ethylene Glycol
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Acetaldehyde
CO2 + O2
Glycolaldehyde
Glycolic Acid Oxalic Acid
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Treatment
• 100% Ethanol infusion - BSL↓ in children
• Fomepizole - occupies alcohol dehydrogenase without the side effects
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Osmolar Gap
osmolarity = osmoles of solute per litre of solution - Calculated
osmolality = osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent - Measured
osmole = an Avagadro’s number of particles (6.022 x 1023) in solution
Osmolar Gap = Calculated Osmolarity - Measured Osmolarity
Normal less than 10
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Measuring Osmolality
• vapour pressure depression
• freezing point depression
• boiling point elevation
• osmotic pressure
Colligative properties depend only on the ratio of the number of particles of solute to solvent in the solution, not the identity of the solute
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Measuring Osmolality
• vapour pressure depression
• freezing point depression
• boiling point elevation
• osmotic pressure
Colligative properties depend only on the ratio of the number of particles of solute to solvent in the solution, not the identity of the solute
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Measuring Osmolality
• vapour pressure depression
• freezing point depression
• boiling point elevation
• osmotic pressure
Colligative properties depend only on the ratio of the number of particles of solute to solvent in the solution, not the identity of the solute
An osmole is the amount of a substance that yields, in ideal solution, that number of particles (Avogadro’s number) that would depress the freezing point of the solvent by 1.86K
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Calculating Osmolarity (properly)
φ = osmotic coefficient - accounts for the degree of non-ideality of the solution.
n = number of particles into which the molecule dissociates
C = molar concentration of the solute
i = represents the identity of a particular solute
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Estimating Osmolarity
Osmolarity = Cations + Anions + non-ionized Solutes
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Estimating Osmolarity
Osmolarity = Cations + Anions + non-ionized Solutes2
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Estimating Osmolarity
Osmolarity = Cations + Anions + non-ionized Solutes2
• Na• K• Ca• Mg
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Estimating Osmolarity
Osmolarity = Cations + Anions + non-ionized Solutes2
• Na• K• Ca• Mg
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Estimating Osmolarity
Osmolarity = Cations + Anions + non-ionized Solutes2
• Na• K• Ca• Mg
• glucose• urea• lipids
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Estimating Osmolarity
Osmolarity = Cations + Anions + non-ionized Solutes2
• Na• K• Ca• Mg
• glucose• urea• lipids
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Estimating Osmolarity
Osmolarity = Cations + Anions + non-ionized Solutes2
• Na• K• Ca• Mg
• glucose• urea• lipids
Osmolarity = 2 Na + glucose + urea
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Osmolarity Estimations
• 2 Na
• 2.1 Na
• 2 Na + 7
• 2.63 Na - 65.4
• 2 Na + Urea
• 2 Na + GIucose
Dorwart WV, Chalmers L. Comparison of Methods for Calculating Serum Osmolarity from Chemical Concentrations, and the Prognostic Value of Such Calculations. Clin Chem 1975; 21/2:190-194
• 2 Na + Glucose + Urea
• 2 Na + 0.933 Urea + 0.9 Glucose
• 1.75 Na + Glucose+ Urea + 10.1
• 1.85 Na + 1.84 K + Glucose + Urea + Ca + 1.17 Mg + 1.15
• 2 (Na + K) + Glucose + Urea
• 1.86 Na + Urea + Glucose
• 1.86 Na + Urea + Glucose + 9
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Osmolarity Estimations
• 2 Na
• 2.1 Na
• 2 Na + 7
• 2.63 Na - 65.4
• 2 Na + Urea
• 2 Na + GIucose
Dorwart WV, Chalmers L. Comparison of Methods for Calculating Serum Osmolarity from Chemical Concentrations, and the Prognostic Value of Such Calculations. Clin Chem 1975; 21/2:190-194
• 2 Na + Glucose + Urea
• 2 Na + 0.933 Urea + 0.9 Glucose
• 1.75 Na + Glucose+ Urea + 10.1
• 1.85 Na + 1.84 K + Glucose + Urea + Ca + 1.17 Mg + 1.15
• 2 (Na + K) + Glucose + Urea
• 1.86 Na + Urea + Glucose
• 1.86 Na + Urea + Glucose + 9
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Osmolarity Estimations
Dorwart WV, Chalmers L. Comparison of Methods for Calculating Serum Osmolarity from Chemical Concentrations, and the Prognostic Value of Such Calculations. Clin Chem 1975; 21/2:190-194
• 2 Na + Glucose + Urea
• 1.86 Na + Urea + Glucose + 9
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Using the Osmolar Gap
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Using the Osmolar Gap
• Normal is roughly below 10
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Using the Osmolar Gap
• Normal is roughly below 10
• Less sensitive for Ethelene Glycol
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Using the Osmolar Gap
• Normal is roughly below 10
• Less sensitive for Ethelene Glycol
• Type of osmometer
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Using the Osmolar Gap
• Normal is roughly below 10
• Less sensitive for Ethelene Glycol
• Type of osmometer
AcidosisOsmolar Gap• Time course
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Using the Osmolar Gap
• Normal is roughly below 10
• Less sensitive for Ethelene Glycol
• Type of osmometer
AcidosisOsmolar Gap• Time course
• Ethanol Cloaking2 Na + Glucose + Urea + Ethanol
Thursday, 10 February 2011
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Osmolar Gap
is it worth bothering?
Thursday, 10 February 2011