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OUR Ecological Footprint 1. Live near work; ride bike; minimize car use.2. Buy energy-efficient furnace.3. Programmable thermostat: 50 winter/ 80 summer4. Turn off lights when leave room; unplug appliance5. Eat low on food chain.6. Buy food locally; eliminate transportation energy.7. Buy hybrid car - reduce gas consumption by 1/28. Get ‘on demand’ water heater.9. Winterize house.10. Recycle; pay tax for it.11. Reduce paper/plastic (and ALL) consumption.12. Reuse (and repair) items; don’t use ‘throw- aways’13. Restore: Buy C offset for travel--> plant trees.
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…For Tuesday
•Go to website for Lecture Outline
•Read 10 sections in text about
‘Global Change Biology’
•Pay particular attention to Figures
•Be ready to explain topic/figures to
group/class
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Our ‘stuff’… or“how humansalter nutrientcycles and deplete naturalresources…”
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OBJECTIVES
Human Activities Alter Nutrient Cycles Relates to Intersystem Cycles:
Pools/Fluxes altered
Inputs/Outputs disrupted-->consequences
• Water
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur
• Ozone
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Intersystem cycling: Nutrients gained (input) and lost (output) by an ecosystem
Ecosystem 12
Input output
Ecosystem 2
Input
Output
Ecosystem 1
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Ecosystems modeled as linked compartments (box = pool; arrow = flux).
Figure 2
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Nutrient inputs on land from:
• Lithosphere (weathering of bedrock and
soil)
• Atmosphere
– Wetfall (in precipitation)
– Dryfall (particles)
• Hydrosphere
• Human Activities
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Nutrient losses (output) on land to:
• Atmosphere
• Streams and groundwater
• Human activities
• How do human activities alter output?
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Plowing of prairies contributed to the creation of the Midwest’s Dust Bowl (1930s).
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Soil erosion on plowed farmland…about 1% of topsoil is lost each year.
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Over-grazing leads to loss of vegetation and leads to soil erosion.
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WATER
*
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Water use greatly exceeds water supplies in many parts of our West.
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Irrigation can turn desert into productive farmland…
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But…accumulation of salts in soil that accompanies irrigation can damage crops.
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Clear-cutting affects hydrology, erosion, nutrient-off…
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50% of water in the Amazon Basin is internally recycled. Predict how deforestation there might be affecting the local hydrologic (water) cycle and the forest.
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How are humans altering water cycle?
• Depletion from overuse• Fossilized vs. re-chargeable aquifers• Overpopulation--> insufficient local water• Used to produce crops to produce meat• Irrigation --> salt problems • Land-use changes lower local cycling-> drought• Links to other cycles:• Water carries solutes (e.g. N,P,K, H+)• C cycle - link to global warming -->• precipitation changes worldwide• glacial melt --> loss of water source
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CARBON --> Global warming
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Human production of CO2 by burning of fossil fuels has increased greatly.
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Greenhouse gases and other human inputs add to the heat budget of the atmosphere =(radiative forcing)
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snow intact
snow removed
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intactremoved
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WILDFIRES: accelerate several cycles
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Forest fires increase CO2 emissions. Fires are increasing in frequency/severity.
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NH4 1 3b2a
2b
3a
4
5
-3
+3
i
NITROGEN
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How are humans altering the N cycle?• Nitrogen-fixing crops
• Invasive species fix N2
• Fossil fuel burning--> nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Nitrogen fertilizer
• Animal feed lots + manure
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Inputs of N into rivers (and then oceans) has increased greatly since 1960.
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• Consequences:• produce greenhouse gas (N2O)• N2O + O2 --> NO3
- + H2O --> nitric acid (rain)• increase nitrogen saturation of soils/forests --> change soil chemistry --> leach nitrates• increase runoff into aquatic systems + water supply; causes eutrophication• alter biodiversity and species mix
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PHOSPHORUS
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How are humans altering P cycle?• Mining for P to add to fertilizer for crops
• Consequences: • Run-off into aquatic communities -->
increases algal abundance--> eutrophication • Lowers water quality• Moves P to water sediments --> moves to
geological time scale; not available
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Phosphorus concentration controls the
trophic structure and productivity of lakes.
CNP
CN
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• How do human activities affect input from
land to water?
• runoff/seepage
• agriculture land, especially NPK
• animal feedlots, especially N
• sewage input, C, N
• -->into groundwater/aquifers/streams/oceans
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Nutrient-rich fresh water floats over salt water.
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Oyxgen depletion by great bacterial response to input of organic waste--> anoxic conditions for fish that die
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Large ‘dead zones’ with hypoxic bottom waters.
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• Correlate with human footprint
• Exponential increase since 1960s
‘Dead zones’ from eutrophication
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Human eutrophication (overproduction of organic matter in aquatic systems) is harmful.
• Added nutrients stimulate algal GPP, BUT• • Too much overwhelms intrasystem regeneration• • Increase in dead organic matter• • Energy flows to bacteria, not higher trophic level• • Increase in decomposition + respiration • ---> depletes oxygen (hypoxia + anoxia)• ---> kills aerobes, including fish
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Consequences for aquatic systems
• create ‘dead zones’ in oceans
• nitrates lower quality of drinking water
• “blue baby” alert
• change freshwater aquatic communities
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SULFUR
1
2 345
-2
+6
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SO4 emissions from copper smelter
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(Sulfuric) acid drainage from coal mines.
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pH profoundly affects ecosystems, especially aquatic systems.
****
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Acid rain from coal-burning industries affects forest growth.Slow recovery from its effects…
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Effects of acid rain on a forest.Why is damage greater on 1 side of mt.?Why haven’t forests recovered when acid rain was lessened?
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Lessons from acid rain research
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How do humans affect S cycle?• Burning of fossil fuels containing H2S puts S into the atmosphere-->• SO4 reacts with H20 to form sulfuric acid --> acid rain.
• How did S get incorporated into coal? Non-decomposed plants got buried in swamps, allowing
anaerobic processes to proceed --> H2S in coal.
• Consequences of S presence in coal? Strip-mine - sulfuric acid directly into streams--> lowers pH-->disrupts aquatic community Acid rain Lowers Ca++ in soils-->lowers forest productivity. Lowers pH in lakes--> disrupts aquatic community.
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Ozone (O3) + UV radiation
1. at surface
• N2O from burning gas in cars (GH gas)
• O2 with N2O with light --> O3
Consequences:
• Smog + health problems
• Ozone = oxidant of organic molecules
• SOYFACE: elevated O3 lowers crop
productivity
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2.In upper atmosphere O3 blocks UV radiation CFCs destroy ozone -->creates ‘black hole’-->increase damage to DNA from UV --> skin cancer
Treatiesban CFCs, but slowrepair of hole…
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How do our choices leave a FOOTPRINT at higher levels of ecological organization?
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Our Ecological Footprint• How does a single choice impact
energy flow and cycling of matter?
H2O C N P S ozone
•1 Drive car w gasoline Buy sandwich with
•2 Take bus with biodiesel 5. Lettuce from CA
or ethanol 6. Meat from feedlot• 3 Work out at ARC 7. Take out in plastic bag
+ take + styrofoam cup• 4 Long shower + 8. Print lecture outline
hair spray