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Our EvolvingConceptualModel
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This is called“Pw” in the soilscommunity
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Plant Available Water
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Water Moves from zones ofLow potential (loosely held) to zones of high potential (tightly held)
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Water Moves from zones ofLow potential (loosely held) to zones of high potential (tightly held)
Loam @ 15 Pw Sand @ 12 Pw
Which way does theWater move?
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Water Moves from zones ofLow potential (loosely held) to zones of high potential (tightly held)
Loam @ 15 Pw Sand @ 10 Pw
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State Soil of Iowa
Typic Hapludoll
Well drained
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Moderately-welldrained
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Somewhat poorlydrained
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Poorl
Poorly Drained
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(fungi)
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grazing
contaminants?
carbon availability
Main Role: C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O
pH
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Another major role for soil bacteria:
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no transfer of electrons
e-- shiftedFrom N to O2
e-- shiftedFrom N to O2
e-- shiftedFrom CHO to N
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e- shifted fromS to O2
e-- shiftedfrom CHO to N
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e-- shiftedFrom Fe to O2
e-- shiftedFrom CHO to Fe
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H2O
2
+ Fe 3+ + H+
= energy flow and chemical energy storage
SO4
CH4 CO2
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ccEricoid
Etc.
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Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
(
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(Circa 1980)
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Essential Nutrients for Plants(in addition to C,H,O)
Macronutrients (tens of kg ha-1yr-1 to 100+)
N*P* * Contained in SOMKCaMg
S*
Micronutrients (<1-10 kg ha-1yr-1 )
Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo, Cl, B, (Se)
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Plants exude labile C into the Rhizosphere
Rhizobacteria populationIncreases, and they mineN from soil organic matter
Protozoa and nematode Predators eat theRhizobacteria, Spewing NH3 into the Rhizosphere soil
The basics of a symbiosis betweenplants and rhizosphere organisms:
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Plants exude labile C into the Rhizosphere
Rhizobacteria populationIncreases, and they mineN from soil organic matter
Protozoa and nematode Predators eat theRhizobacteria, Spewing NH3 into the Rhizosphere soil
Chemical signals (?)
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Farming the rhizosphere to grow bacteria?
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Bonkowski 2004
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Bonkowski 2004
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Essential Nutrients for Plants(in addition to C,H,O)
Macronutrients (tens of kg ha-1yr-1 to 100+)
N*P* * Contained in SOMKCaMg
S*
Micronutrients (<1-10 kg ha-1yr-1 )
Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo, Cl, B, (Se)
cations anions
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RhizobacteriaPotozoaNematodesMycorrhizae
Our model of soilcompartments and the chemical exchangesamong them
N2
N fixers
Removal/harvest
rhizosphere