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Our Solar System & Exoplanets(Chapter 15)
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Student Learning Objectives
• Identify and locate objects in our solar system
• Describe planet
formation processes
• Explain how exoplanets are found.
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What are the main characteristics of our solar system?
All of the objects in our solar system formed at about the same time.
4.5 Billion Years Ago
Objects in our solar system revolve and rotate counterclockwise as viewed from above
Venus rotates backwards
Uranus rotates on its side
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Our Solar System
Our solar system has one star, the Sun.
Planets orbit the Sun. Moons orbit the planets.Dwarf planets orbit the Sun.Asteroids and Comets orbit the Sun.
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Practice
1) How many stars are within our solar system?
2) How many moons do you think there are in our solar system?
3) List the planets in order from the Sun outward.
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What is the process of planet formation?
Planets form in a disk of rotating gas and dust surrounding a forming star.
Solar Nebula Theory
Condensation
Accretion
Planetesimals
Proto-planets
Planets
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Two Zones develop during the condensation phase.
Near & Far from SunMetals
IronSilicates
Far from Sun
Ices
WaterMethaneAmmonia
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OriginalCloud
SpinsFasterAs It
Contracts
FlattenedDiskOf
Planets
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2nd Stage Planet Formation
Migration
Differentiation
Atmosphere
Clearing of the Nebula
Bombardment
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Atmosphere & Leftovers
Atmospheres form on some solid planets.
Outgassing/VolcanismGravityComet Impacts
Large planets capture atmosphere.
Leftover planetesimals become moons, asteroids, & comets.
Phobos
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Practice
1) Why is the motion of objects in our solar system relatively uniform?
2) What determines the two zones?
3) What two factors determine whether a planet has an atmosphere?
4) Why does Earth have an abundance of oxygen?
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How do astronomers search for extra-solar planets?
Gravity
Eclipses
Microlensing
Direct Imaging
http://kepler.nasa.gov/
http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/ (number of exoplanets)
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Gravitational Wobble
Gravity causes a star to wobble.The wobble causes a Doppler Effect.
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Transits
Transits cause some starlight to be eclipsed.
http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/
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Microlensing
Light follows the curvature of space.
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Direct ImagingSpace telescopes "see" planets
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Gemini Planet Imager
Beta Pictoris b is a giant planet – several times larger than Jupiter – and is approximately ten million years old. (January 2014)
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Direct Image
of an Exo-planet 155 LY Away
by David Dickinson May 14, 2014
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1st Habitable Zone planet observed (2010)
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Question: What is the Habitable Zone?
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Kepler 11
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NASA's
Kepler Mission Discovers a World Orbiting
2 Stars
(September 2011)
Kepler 16
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NASA's Kepler TelescopeDiscovers First Earth-Size Planet in Habitable Zone
(April 2014)
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Practice
Astronomers are searching for planets around stars like our Sun.
Why?